United States Constitution - 1516 Words

Novus Ordoro Seclorum is Latin for â€Å"a new order for the ages.† Why did Americans select the constitutional order they did in 1787-1789, and why did they reject a more democratic and confederal form not more than a decade old? â€Å"Having initially hesitated in attending the Convention, once decided, Washington pushed the delegates to adopt ‘no temporizing expedient’ but instead to ‘probe the defects [of the Articles] to the bottom, and provide radical cures,’ from Matthew Spalding, Ph.D. At the beginning of the Philadelphia debates in 1787, Edmond Randolph set aside the Articles of Confederation and the Congress of Confederation, and instead created the skeleton of a new constitution which included a Supreme National Government with†¦show more content†¦The delegates wisely choose the chance of good. Considered at the Philadelphia Convention was a Confederate government, the system from Articles of Confederation. One of many problems u nder a confederacy is a weak federal government. From Generation Joshua, â€Å"It must be understood that the Articles of Confederation were really just an agreement between friends, a gentlemen’s agreement†¦ The Confederation Congress was a shadow, while the true power rested with the individual states.† Instead of the federal government being able to do their job, the states ran the country. The government was inhibited by its inability to govern. The states were being governed, not the people, so the government was not doing its job, to govern the people, instead, it was governing the states. . James Madison says, â€Å"One characteristic, was that in a federal Government, the power was exercised not on the people individually; but on the people collectively, on the States.† However, the biggest problem is that it simply did not work. Edmond Randolph, a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention from Virginia, says â€Å"I lament the crisis that revising t he federal system has brought about, but I believe that it is necessary to prevent the fulfillment of the prophecies of an imminent American downfallShow MoreRelatedThe Constitution Of The United States979 Words   |  4 Pages In 1787 the Constitution of the United States was written and ratified to better that time period. Many people believe that the Constitution was an excellent tool in previous years but, it is no longer relevant to today’s society. Others disagree, they think that the United States Constitution is still applicable to today’s American citizens. The Constitution is significant to American life, it protects each individual’s rights, limits the federal government’s power, and amendments can be addedRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1337 Words   |  6 PagesA constitution is defined as the system of fundamental principles according to which a nation, state, or those of such nature are governed. The Constitution of the Unit ed States of America is the supreme law over our nation as a set of rules in which our country is run. In addition to following the rules of the national constitution Texas also has its own constitution as wall as every other state’s; Texas’s is among the longest. Similarly to the United States Constitution, the structure and functionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Constitution of the United States, specifically the Bill of Rights, guarantees and protects the rights of individual citizens. In addition to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to keep and bear arms, individuals have the freedom to assemble and the freedom to petition. More importantly, is the protection from unreasonable search and seizure, cruel and unusual punishment, self-incrimination, and the deprivation of life, liberty, or property without due process of law (UnitedRead MoreThe United States Constitution958 Words   |  4 Pages The United States Constitution was adopted September 17, 1787. The purpose around its construction was to add more detailed rights, laws and regulations in the United States than the Articles of Confederation gave when it was established on November 15, 1777. The ratification of the Bill Of Rights added to the constitution December 5, 1791 created a clear understanding of the rights garneted to the American people. The founders created laws and restrictions that limited the governmental power andRead MoreThe United States Constitution2133 Words   |  8 PagesThe Constitution The Constitution is the foundation of the United States Government. Each branch of the government relies upon this document to dictate how power is distributed in this democracy and the people rely on the Constitution to protect them from the Federal governments power. Before the Constitution the colonies were divided under the governance of the Articles of Confederation. This first government was adequate through the Revolutionary War but afterwards the people needed unionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States972 Words   |  4 PagesThe constitution, the governing document of the United States, virtually perfect in its creation and given life through the thoughts, worries, and dreams of a few great and very intelligent men, it can be said to be the living law of the land, one that has grown and matured with society and the world of today. This document has performed amazingly in its ability to represent the people of its time and to allow room for interpretation of law in combination with society to allow it to continue to representRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe Constitution of the United States has governed this country for over 200 years. The Bill of Rights, also known has the first Ten Amendments of the Constitution, has protected the unalienable rights of citizens in the United State. Selective incorporation was used in order to nationalize the Bill of Rights and protect the immunities, rights, and privileges of all United States citizens within the states. The success of Selective Incorporation, along with the 14th Amendment, ensured that statesRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe Problem With The United States Constitution1209 Words   |  5 PagesAllana Diego Mrs. Morris CLN4U 9 January 2015 The Problem with the United States’ Constitution According to the United Nations, human rights are defined as â€Å"rights inherent to all human beings, whatever their nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. Humans all equally entitled to human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.† The fight to protect human rights hasRead MoreThe United States Constitution1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Constitution was ratified in the summer of 1788 and is the governing document of the United States of America. Owing to its brevity and clarity of thought, it has stood the test of time, whereas founding laws of other nations have come and gone, lost to the thoughts of the many for whom they were originally conceived of to sustain. Of the prescient statutes that comprise this most venerable of documents is Article 1, Section Four, which laid a foundation for the election of federal

Top Choices of Sat Essay Writing Test Samples

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The Reports of Unemployment Rate

Questions: (1). a The table below reports some labour market figures for a hypothetical country, Blefuscu in 2005. Assume that there are only two types of employment: full time and part time. Everyone who is not employed is unemployed. Calculate the Labour force participation and ii) unemployment rate. Show all your calculations. Population 15,000,000 Working age population 12,900,000 Number of people Not in the labour force 100,000 Part-time employment as a percentage of total employment 18% Number of full-time employees 4,953,000 Rate of underemployment 40% (b). The government of Blefuscu announces that the unemployment rate fell from 2005 to 2006. The government says this is positive news as it shows more jobs are being created and less people are unemployed. The labour unions, on the other hand, disagreed with this assessment and stated that they could find no evidence that additional jobs have been created between 2005 and 2006. Your task is to explain how the unemployment rate can fall even if there are no new jobs being created. First, using the numbers you have been given in 1A as the 2005 figures, fill in the table below by developing a set of numbers that show how the unemployment rate can fall even if there are no new jobs being created. Assume no change between 2005 and 2006 in the population, percentage of part time workers and working age population. Second, discuss in detail how the numbers show the unemployment rate can fall even if there are no new jobs being created. List two possible reasons why this may occur. Year 2005 2006 Population 15,000,000 15,000,000 Working age population 12,900,000 12,900,000 Number of people Not in the labour force 100,000 ______ Part-time employment as a percentage of total employment 18% ___% Number of full-time employees 4,953,000 _____ Rate of underemployment 40% ___% (2). Economists are deeply puzzled by our desire to have children. First, kids are really expensive - the biggest financial decision most couples will make. Forget the cost of buying the family home; the kids you choose to populate it with will end up costing just as much, or more, over a lifetime. A survey released last week by AMP and the National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling found the typical Australian family spent $812,000 raising two kids. This is an increase of nearly 50 per cent in just six years. Economists like to assume we are rational individuals who make decisions based on anticipated costs and benefits. The Sunday Mail (Qld) May 26 2013 You are the senior Economic advisor to the Prime Minister who is currently considering how to reduce the cost of having children and promote more economic growth. Some of her party want to continue John Howards baby bonus scheme that provides a lump sum of cash to parents upon the birth of a child. Others argue that the government should instead aim to focus on lowering the costs of educating children by making tertiary education free. a. Discuss how each of these options will affect wages and labour productivity, potential GDP and real GDP. Will they lead to growth in real GDP and rises in real GDP per capita? use the potential GDP and labour market diagrams in your answer. b. Imagine that whatever strategy will be chosen, it will be kept for the next three decades. In terms of achieving growth in the long run, discuss which strategy would lead to higher growth rates and explain why. c. How would each strategy affect the standard of living? Answers: (1). The natural unemployment rate is defined as the rate of unemployment when there is equilibrium in the labor market. The unemployment rate is the difference between the number of individuals that would like a job and the people who are able to and willing to take a job. The rate of unemployment includes two types of unemployment they are frictional and structural unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment generally occurs due factors in the supply sides and not on the demand side (Argy et al 2016). Population 15,000,000 Working age population 12,900,000 Number of people Not in the labor force 100,000 Part-time employment as a percentage of total employment 18% Number of full-time employees 4,953,000 Rate of underemployment 40% So the above table provides information regarding the population, working age population, the number of people not in the labor force, the percentage of part-time employment, the number of full-time employees and rate of underemployment. (a). The labor force participated can be calculated using the formula: Labor force participated rate= labor force (employed + unemployed)/working age population * 100 =(4,953,000+100,000+232200) 12900000 * 100 = 41% Here, 230400 is the total number of persons in the in the part-time employment. Unemployment percentage= total number of unemployed person/ unemployed+ employed = 100,000/ 100,000 + 4,953,000 + 232200 = 2% So, from the above data, the labor force participated and the unemployment rate was 2%. (b). The report of the payroll jobs and reports of unemployment rate are circulated together, and it is also covered under the report of same press, so it is genuine to assume that both the report is circulated from the same source of data. And we calculate the unemployment with the help of household survey, not from the payroll jobs, so there is no particular relationship between change in the rate of unemployment and number of new payroll job generated("More Misleading Official Employment Statistics | The Daily Bell", 2016). The survey of the new payroll jobs counts an individual having two jobs as it were two individual employed, whereas the survey of households counts the individual holding two jobs as one. It should always be kept in mind that the number of payroll job may increase because of the use of birth-death model, which is used to calculate the number of unreported shutdowns of business and startups("More Misleading Official Employment Statistics | The Daily Bell", 2016). So the rate of unemployment can be dropped easily because of the definition of the workforce, which excludes discouraged workers. So it is evident that an increase in the population of discouraged workers can lower the unemployment rate("More Misleading Official Employment Statistics | The Daily Bell", 2016). (2). In the recent years, the government is facing a huge concern in reducing the cost of the cost of having children and promotes more economic growth. Many were of the view that the government should go for the John Howards baby bonus scheme that provides a lump sum of cash to parents upon the birth of a child, whereas many were against this scheme and advocated that the government should spend the money in reducing the cost of education of children by making tertiary education free. The federal government of Australia introduces the Baby Bonus scheme on 2002 with the aim to reduce the cost of bringing up a child. The primary aim of the scheme was to increase the fertility rate of Australia. The government raised the bonus from 3000 dollars to 4000 dollars in the year 2004. Under this scheme the women can claim up to 25000 dollars of the paid tax during the period of her pregnancy, making sure that the tax-free amount is not being wasted. The government implemented this scheme to reduce the cost of bringing up a child because the family expenses of bringing up children are increasing day by day. But many people advocate the idea of lowering the cost of the education by making tertiary education free. (a). The implementation of the baby bonus by the government does not have much impact on the wages and the labor productivity and does not help in the growth of the GDP and the real GDP. Many of the scholars highlighted that if the government focus on lowering the cost of education by making tertiary education free will positively affects the economy of a country. The Baby bonus scheme does not have any benefit for the future education of the child. And it is evident that higher education rate helps in the economic growth of the country. By investing this money in the future education of the child the government can improve the economic condition of the country, help them to increase the GDP and will increase the real GDP per capita("Baby Bonus Scheme" 2016). (b). Instead of implementing the baby bonus scheme the government should concentrate on reducing the cost of the education by making the tertiary education free because if the government does so it will increase the literacy rate of the country. With the increasing inflation it has become tough for many students to complete their education, so making the tertiary education free will help the government in the long-run, because with the free tertiary education now more children will be educated and which will improve their productivity, and increase literacy rate will also help in narrowing the wage gap between the workers. Free tertiary education will increase the productivity of the labor in the industry, which will further help the company to grow and increase the real GDP and potential GDP, strengthening the economy of the country("Baby Bonus Scheme" 2016). So from the above discussion, it is clear that the government should spend more money on educating children because this will benefit the country in the long run. (c). The baby bonus plan is not properly directed so its result in unequal distribution of wages and adversely affect the standard of living. Whereas if the government spend more on educating children than this will help in reducing the wage difference between the workers and will improve the living standards of the population. References Aaronson, S., Cajner, T., Fallick, B., Galbis-Reig, F., Smith, C., Wascher, W. (2014). Labor force participation: recent developments and future prospects. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2014(2), 197-275. Argy, V. E., Nevile, J. (Eds.). (2016). Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making. Routledge. Baby Bonus Scheme. (2016). MSF Corp Web. Retrieved 22 May 2016, Blustein, D. L., Kozan, S., Connors-Kellgren, A. (2013). Unemployment and underemployment: A narrative analysis about loss. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 256-265. Bowen, W. G., Finegan, T. A. (2015). The economics of labor force participation. Princeton University Press. Gaddis, I., Klasen, S. (2014). Economic development, structural change, and womens labor force participation. Journal of Population Economics, 27(3), 639-681. Hoshi, T., Yasuda, A. (2016). Capital Market Regulation in Japan after the Global Financial Crisis. In The New International Financial System: Analyzing the Cumulative Impact of Regulatory Reform (pp. 165-195).

Rutgers Education free essay sample

It seems like a big welding pot in Rutgers which melted multiple cultures of different students from diverse backgrounds all over the world; especially therein the featured global village that aims to create the atmosphere to communicate with each other for international students is what I am pursuing in my academic study. On one hand, in modern society it’s necessary for us to make contact with various persons, thus it would definitely support my career in the future through primarily acquainting myself with conventions and customs of foreign peoples on the basis of solid knowledge foundation and excellent social international skills. On the other hand, as the tendency of business globalization becomes more and more popular, commercial trade among districts and areas would tremendously increase so as to develop respective advantages in virtue of others’; it is Rutgers that, I believe, would help me grow into a comprehensive professional in the field I would like to address while I could also exchange and disseminate the charming Chinese culture to all staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Rutgers Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page More importantly, Rutgers is located nearby the developed cities of New York and Philadelphia and has been keeping touch with the industries around, so that the curriculum exquisitely set by Rutgers is closely integrated with current situation of global market based upon advanced expertise faculty, modernized facilities and feasible training opportunities. Except appropriate and quiet environment for academic study, Rutgers also pays attention to practices and offers the positions of internship in large-scale enterprises, which absolutely contributes to the cultivation of alumni’s capability for the professional career in the whole life.

Mr. Pumblechooks house Essays

Mr. Pumblechooks house Essays Mr. Pumblechooks house Paper Mr. Pumblechooks house Paper Write a commentary on this passage (pg 54- 59), which explains the reasons for Pips distress at the end. This passage is a crucial section of the book, as it is here that Pip realizes how coarse and common he is and where he first feels dissatisfied with Joe and realizes him not to be an idol. At the end of this section, Pip breaks down in tears and kicks the walls. Here I attempt to analyze the reasons for Pips distress at the end. To begin with, Pip is disinclined to go to Ms. Havishams house and play. He has never met Ms. Havisham but regards her as a peculiar, reclusive woman. He spends the night at Mr. Pumblechooks house and leaves for Ms Havishams after a weary morning of arithmetic. Thus he arrives at the house dreading the visit and annoyed with Mr. Pumblechook. The following events further Pips anger, irritation and lower his self-confidence, which results in him breaking down. An arrogant but stunning young girl, Estella, who is about the same age as Pip, haughtily admits Pip into the house. The house is dark and eerie. Sunlight has not entered it for many years. Estella leads Pip through the dark passages of the house before instructing him to go into a particular room. She talks to Pip in a condescending manner and treats him like a child. Pip enters the room, as instructed and encounters Ms. Havisham, who is dressed in her wedding clothes and is adorned with magnificent jewels. He is immediately overcome with fear on seeing her and compares his trepidation with prior frightening incidents he had experienced. The room seems to be stuck in time. The clocks have all stopped working and remain at twenty to nine. Ms. Havishams clothes have faded and are yellow. Pip later notices that everything in the room is worn out. He compares Ms. Havisham to a corpse. Pip is terrified of Ms Havishams peculiar personality. He compares his fear when she touches his heart to that when he encountered the prisoner in the graveyard. Although Ms. Havisham is undoubtedly a queer person, Pips initial attitude towards her is not one of perplexity or surprise but that of fear. This is primarily because he has heard rumours about her eccentric idiosyncrasies, which cause him to dread her even before he has set eyes on her. When he realizes that she is indeed weird, Pip becomes terrified of her. Ms. Havisham then tells Pip that she has sick fancies and asks him to play. Pip feels unequal to this task as his fear of Ms. Havisham and the gloomy atmosphere make him cringe at the very thought of playing. However he is worried that Ms. Havisham will complain to his sister and he will be upbraided.

Character Analysis of Cassio and Roderigo from Othello

Character Analysis of Cassio and Roderigo from 'Othello' Othello is one of William Shakespeares most acclaimed tragedies. The story of a Moorish general (Othello) and the soldier (Iago) who plots to usurp him, the play features a small cast of characters who are manipulated and pitted against each other as part of Iagos deceitful plan. Two of the key characters are Cassio, Othellos loyal captain, and Roderigo, a man who is love with Othellos wife, Desdemona. Over the course of the play, both are lured into the complex love plot engineered by Iago, one of Shakespeares  best-written villains. Cassio Cassio is described as Othellos honourable lieutenant, and he is given this rank over Iago. The appointment, undeserved in Iago’s eyes, justifies the villain’s cruel revenge against him: One Michael Cassio, a Florentine†¦ / That never set a squadron in the field / Nor the division of a battle knows.(Iago, Act I Scene 1) We know that Cassio is of good standing due to Desdemona’s passionate defense of him. However, Othello is easily turned against him by Iago. In Act II, Cassio foolishly allows himself to be encouraged to go for a drink when he has already acknowledged it to be the wrong thing to do. â€Å"Come lieutenant. I have a stoup of wine, Iago says (Act II Scene 3). I’ll do’t but it dislikes me, Cassio replies. Once the captain becomes drunk, he is drawn into a brawl and attacks Montano, a former Cypriot official, badly wounding him. The attack is an embarrassment to Othello, who is forced to act quickly to appease the Cypriot officials. The Moorish general sacks Cassio on the spot: Cassio I love thee, but never more be officer of mine.(Othello, Act II Scene 3) Othello is justified in this, as one of his men has injured an ally; nevertheless, the scene demonstrates Othello’s impulsivity and his righteousness. In his desperation, Cassio falls into Iago’s trap once more as he implores Desdemona to help him win his job back. His office is the most important thing to him, so much so that he neglects his relationship with Bianca while he is trying to get it back. At the end of the play, Cassio is injured but redeemed. His name is cleared by Emilia and as Othello is stripped of his duties, we are told that Cassio now rules in Cyprus. As the new leader, he is given the responsibility of dealing with Othellos fate: To you Lord Governor, / Remains the censure of this hellish villain. / The time, the place, the torture O enforce it!(Lodovico, Act V Scene 2) As a result, the audience is left to ponder whether Cassio will be cruel to Othello or forgiving. Roderigo Roderigo is Iago’s dupe, his fool. In love with Desdemona and prepared to do anything to get her, Roderigo is easily manipulated by the evil Iago. Roderigo does not feel any loyalty towards  Othello, who he believes has stolen his love from him. It is Roderigo, under the guidance of Iago, who goads Cassio into the fight that gets him dismissed from the army. Roderigo escapes from the scene undetected. Iago tricks him into giving him money to convince Desdemona to be with him and then encourages him to kill Cassio. In Act IV, Roderigo finally gets wise to Iagos manipulation of him, declaring that Everyday thou daff’st me with some device (Act IV Scene II). Nevertheless, he is again convinced by the villain to follow through with the plan to kill Cassio, despite his misgiving. I have no great devotion to the deed, Roderigo says. And yet he hath given me satisfying reasons. / Tis but a man gone. Forth, my sword: he dies (Act V Scene 1). In the end, Roderigo is stabbed his only friend, Iago,  who does not want him to reveal his secret plot. However, Roderigo finally outsmarts him by quickly writing a letter which he places in his pocket, pointing to Iago’s involvement in the plot and his guilt. Although he ultimately dies, he is in some part redeemed by his letters: Now here’s another discontented paper / Found in his pocket too. And this it seems / Roderigo meant to have sent this damned villain, / But that, belike, Iago in the interim / Came in and satisfied him. (Lodovico, Act V Scene 2)

Oprah Winfrey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oprah Winfrey - Essay Example In spite of a vacuum of formal business plans, she has mostly been successful in all of her endeavors. One of the reasons for her consistent success in the business field is the vision of her business- humanitarian services for the less fortunate. She is considered to be a transformational leader, who has a clear vision and direction for her business. Modern businesses cannot be run without the presence of formal strategic plans and business models since there exists an extensive degree of competition in the prevailing markets. Companies need to formulate effective strategies from analysis of relevant data to survive in the modern markets. Oprah has been able to achieve success without any formal structural planning because her fame and humanitarian attitude have been some of the major drivers of her business. Her successes reaffirm her decision to adopt risk-taking entrepreneurship approach. Her personality and spirit could not have been better reflected in her business if any other approach would have been adopted. Decisions based on gut-feelings suit her unique business needs and vision.

Good Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good Life - Essay Example Let your clothes be fresh, bathe yourself in water, cherish the little child that holds your hand, and make your wife happy in your embrace; for this too is the lot of man. (Lawall & Mack 32-33) Siduri, herself, being a woman and being the maker of wine, represents sensual pleasure. Is it not; the woman is man’s object of sexual pleasure and desire? And is it not; wine tastes too good to man’s appetite? Furthermore, Siduri’s words also imply that if immortality is to gods, having the best in life is to man. So, in life, man should seek the best and the most in life. Just like what most of us believe today: Life is short; so, live it to the fullest. For Enkidu; I loved him dearly; together we endured all kinds of hardships; on his account I have come, for the common lot of man has taken him†¦ Since he went, my life is nothing; that is why I have travelled here in search of Utnapishtim my father; for men say he has entered the assembly of the gods, and has found everlasting life: I have a desire to question him, concerning the living and the dead.’ (31) Understanding these words of Gilgamesh, good life means having the wisdom to fully understand life. However, this can only be achieved if man learns to love, just like what happened to Gilgamesh and Enkidu – Enkidu sought for life because he felt sorry to leave Gilgamesh forever, while Gilgamesh lost the pleasures of life with the death of Enkidu. As we understand what is truly good in life, we come to learn that good life is hard to achieve, because it is more of a responsibility than pleasure: "Reed-house, reed-house! Wall, O wall, hearken reed-house, wall reflect; O man of Shurrupak, son of Ubara-Tutu; tear down your house and build a boat, abandon possessions and look for life, despise worldly goods and save your soul alive† (35). Furthermore, leading a good life is filled with trials and challenges: â€Å"†¦ was it for this that I toiled with my hands, is it for

Aluminum smelter in South Africa Essay Example for Free

Aluminum smelter in South Africa Essay We recommend you do not build this new Greenfield primary aluminum smelter in South Africa. In order to achieve a 15% ROI on your investment, you require a long-term average price of $1500 for aluminum. We have estimated that demand for primary aluminum in 5 years will be at $20bn, which will support a market price of around $1490. This heavily builds on the assumption that aluminum inventories will be zero by that time, which depends on a successful implementation of the international Memorandum of Understanding. Historically these non-binding agreements have been very hard to enforce, and so a scenario where supply is far greater than demand is likely, leading to large inventories and lower prices. It is because of this uncertainty that we recommend you do not build the plant. Back-up calculations: 1.ROI calculation: Given investment costs of $1.6bn, full capacity of 466,000 t/year and an ROI requirement of 15%, we calculated that you require a price of $1,500 per ton of aluminum. 2.In the short run, all smelters need to cover variable costs, which include electricity, alumina, other material costs and freight cost. In the long-run, they need to cover total costs. a.The current price ($1,100) covers variable costs for 20 million tons of capacity; the long-run price will have to be higher. b.Smelters may hesitate to scale down production of individual pots, as this will still incur costs of labour or other non-material costs, as well as additional costs in having to rebuild and reline the pots. c.Not all producers are subject to the same pressures, e.g., variable costs differ significantly between different smelters (different size, efficiency, tax breaks, power agreements). Government-run facilities may have more financial support due to their social role in addition to pure production, such as securing raw materials supply for domestic industries, as well as providing jobs for local communities. 3.Given a CAGR of 2% per year, we estimate total aluminum demand to be 27 million tons in 1998. Assuming that inventories are zero, and primary demand accounts for 74% of total supply, this would imply primary demand of 20 million tons. 4.To produce 20 million tons, the price would be around $1,490 per ton. 5.The reduction in inventories and stabilization of the price level depends on the success of the MoU. Other producers may not look favorably on you opening a new smelter when they have had to cut down on production.

Middlemarch by George Eliot and Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy Essay

Middlemarch by George Eliot and Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy The Victorian era brought about many changes throughout Great Britain. Man was searching for new avenues of enlightenment. The quest for knowledge and understanding became an acceptable practice throughout much of the scientific community. It was becoming accepted, and in many ways expected, for people to search for knowledge. Philosophy, the search for truth, was becoming a more intricate part of educating ones self; no longer were people holding on to old-fashioned ideas. Central to the story lines of Middlemarch, written by George Eliot, and Jude the Obscure, by Thomas Hardy, is the theme of ambition and the tempering of expectations both to social difficulties, and on a broader scale, human frailty. Dorthea Brooke and Sue Brideshead display elements of the â€Å"new woman† and both are driven to accomplish what each desires. Both are intelligent and educated women. The contrast in the two comes from the different motives each has to separate themselves from the norm. Sue is self-centered in her â€Å"independence,† while Dorthea is an ardent spokeswoman for social reform and justice. Both women follow different paths, neither ending up at a position they once knew they would attain. Dorthea is depicted early in the novel as having an intimidating presence; however, at a dinner with the supposedly learned and intelligent Mr. Casaubon, she feels quite uneasy. He is an older man with an unattractive appearance which goes completely unnoti ced to the â€Å"lovestruck† Dorthea. Her sister Celia comments, â€Å"How very ugly Mr. Casaubon is!† Dorthea responds by comparing him to a portrait of Locke and says he is a â€Å"distinguished looking gentleman.† Later, after dinner, Casaubon and Dorthea discuss religious matters and she looks at him in awe because of his supposed superior intellect. â€Å"Here was a man who could understand the higher inward life†¦a man who’s learning almost amounted to proof of whatever he believed!†(p. 24). As intelligent as Dorthea is, she failed to see Casaubon for the man he really is, and will be, in marriage. Casaubon proposes to her and she accepts. She sees this as an opportunity to further advance her own intellectual abilities and help a great man complete his studies. Later she would realize her husband has very limited intellectual abilities and is not a suitable companion for... ... the money, even though she should be entitled to it. She was always faithful do Casaubon, despite not loving him. They marry and have two children with a â€Å"house full of love.† Will does become a member of Parliament, but he never makes a fortune. Dorthea lives a happy life because she followed her independence. She made choices she regretted, but overcame them with her strong personality. She never accomplished all the goals she had set out to, but she did find love with Will. The money she gave up could have helped her establish the knowledge and training she wanted to achieve, but her love of Will was more important to her than her academic endeavors. She was indeed an independent woman with a strong sense of moral values. Sue was the exact opposite of her. Sue never wished to help anyone but herself. She did whatever made her happy or secure. Her independent nature came from her own self-absorbed sense of life. She never really loved Jude, or anyone else. She just enjoyed the idea of someone loving her. She was dependent on this in order for her to feel a sense of belonging. Both women followed patterns of being a â€Å"new woman,† but neither one followed the pattern completely.

Hardness Removal

Lab X3: Hardness Removal The objective of the experiment was to remove water hardness through the use of different methods such as: chemical addition, flocculation, and settling. Equipment Used: Buret 150 mL beaker 1-2L jar Filter paper, funnel Stir bar, magnetic stirrer Rapid mix reactor Stop watch Fisherbrand 100-1000? L digital pipet – serial number: DH94800 pH indicator paper Experimental conditions – 74. 6 ? F Data and Analysis Table 1: Parameters of untreated water| pH| ALK total (mg/L as CaCO3)| TH (mg/L as CaCO3)| Calcium hardness (mg/L as CaCO3)| Magnesium hardness (mg/L as CaCO3)| 6. 9| 188| 328| 296| 32| Table 2: Data for hardness and other parameters of softened water| pH| Starting position (mL)| Ending position (mL)| Volume of 0. 0100M EDTA for total hardness titration (mL)| Starting position (mL)| Ending position (mL)| Volume of 0. 0100M EDTA for calcium hardness titration (mL)| 7| 0. 00| 4. 20| 4. 20| 6. 90| 9. 85| 2. 95| Calculations for softened water: Total Hardness = 4. 20 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA50 mL (sample)*1000 mL1 L*1 mg CaCO31 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA=84 mgLCaCO3 Calcium Hardness = 2. 95 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA50 mL (sample)*1000 mL1 L*1 mg CaCO31 mL 0. 100 M EDTA=59 mgLCaCO3 Magnesium Hardness = 84 mgLCaCO3-59 mgLCaCO3= 25 mgLCaCO3 Questions: 1) Based on this experiment what additional step is needed to make the water suitable for human consumption? 2) What was the percentage removal of total hardness, calcium, and magnesium? The percentage removal for total hardness was 74. 39%, for Calcium 80. 06%, and for Magnesium 21. 88%. Total Hardness Percentage Removal = 100-84328*100=74. 39 % Calcium Percentage Removal = 100-59296*100=80. 06% Magnesium Percentage Removal = 100-2532*100=21. 88% ) How close did the treatment process come to reaching the practical limits of hardness reduction? Hardness removal limits were not achieved. Calcium was reduced to a concentration of 59 mg/L versus the limit of 30 mg/L. And in the case of Magnesium the conce ntration was reduced to 25mg/L versus the limit of 10mg/L. Calcium percent difference: 30-5930=96. 66% (Absolute value) Magnesium percent difference: 10-2510=150% (Absolute value) 4) How many metric tons of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are necessary to process 59 million gallons of water per day based on the calculations of 1. a. and 1. b.?To run this water softening technique in a water plant processing 59 million gallons per day it would require 51 tons of Ca(OH)2 and 33 tons of NaCO3 2. 27*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=51 tons of CaOH2 per day 1. 48*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=33 tons of NaCO3 per day Discussion Hard water is an issue for industries that rely on large amounts of water to operate. Hardness generated by elements such as calcium and magnesium cat ions produce scum in pipes and with many industrial chemicals reduces their overall effectiveness. That is why it is important to have economic and reliable ways of reducing water hardness in large scales.The particular meth od used in this experiment was lime soda softening. It has to be noted that this particular procedure only works for water that has an initial pH level lower than 8. Based on stoichiometry and the addition rules according to Nazaroff and Alvarez-Cohen we are able to find what concentration of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are needed to remove hardness from the water. Based on our results the softening of the water was a success. Initial total hardness was recorded at 328 mg/L, after softening the concentration was found to be 84 mg/L.Looking individually at the reduction of calcium and magnesium the concentration was reduced from 296 mg/L to 59 mg/L and 32 mg/L to 25 mg/L respectively. Even though a large amount of the hardness was removed from the water it was nowhere near the practical limit levels. This can be attributed to the fact that the reactions that dictate hardness removal suffer from diminishing returns. Sources of error in this lab can be attributed to the fact that the sample wate r was only allowed to precipitate for 15 minutes instead of the 20 that was required as stated by the procedure.

Child care level 2 unit 1 assingment Essay

?D1: Describe the purpose of ONE setting that is statutory provision for each age range . Nursery school is for children aged 3-5. The purpose of this setting is to the children learn how to socialise, learn different shapes, different colours, objects letter and numbers. Primary school is for children 5+. Primary school will prepare an education for children in future life. In Primary School children will get the understanding about the world, they will learn how to work with different people and help children from begging antisocial. The curriculum in Primary School is children have to learn the main subjects like: English, Maths, Science etc. The purpose of having Primary School is to give the same opportunities and right to every child, and settings from government are free, so parents will not have to pay for the children education. D2: Describe the purpose of ONE setting is a different type of provision for each age range. A purpose of having a provide child-minders is provide that they can come and take care of children at home when child’s parents are working full time from morning to evening and don’t have time to take care of the children all the time take them to school or be for them at home. Child-minders are not statutory setting so parents who want a child-minder will have to pay for their service. Child-minders will run as a company or business and they not receive any financial help from the government, so they taking money from the parents who hire one of the child-minders. Child-minder is for different age range. D3: Describe the work of a professional or an agency working with children. A professional person who works with children is a speech therapist. Speech therapist is for children in all age range. Speech therapist is there for children who have difficulty, producing words, and using speech, a difficulty of understanding and using language. The role of speech therapist is to help a child how to producing words, and how to producing sounds and syllables so that the listeners can understand what the child is saying. D4: Describe how to keep information about children and they families confidential. Confidential information about children and they families should be kept private and safe so no not permitted people should be able to have a use to those files. The files should be kept in a system with password and the password should only know the manager of the setting and the head teacher, the information can be also be kept in a folders in a locked cupboard where the access should have also the manager and the head teacher. As a practitioner I cannot talk about children and a staff outside the setting, I will be also ask to live the staff room or any meeting if there is confidential information the staff will discuss. I am only a practitioner and I’m not part of the staff so I’ll not be allowed to be part of some meetings. D5: Explain how to prepare to work in a placement with children. To work in a placement with children you need to attend on time, attend on every day of your placement days, be polite to parents and children and to staff you’re working with, listen, take notes and learn about the setting, bring your own note book, and show enthusiasm to learn. Remember about your clothing to wear when attendance the setting, easy to wash clothing as you will be play with children with paint and other resources that can make your clothes dirty look also what the staff is wearing and just wear the similar clothes do not wear any large branded t-shirts with messages or slogans or short skirts or dresses as you will be getting down to play with children and bending over, try to look smart but comfortable, sometimes the setting would give you an uniform to wear, do not wear high heels to the setting as you can hurt a child , standing on the fingers or toes, and you will wear that shoes all day so it’s important to wear comfortable shoes to the setting you can also check if you can wear a trainers , do not wear a party make up as you will not be taken seriously and the natural look make you look more grown up, don’t wear a long jewellery as child can accidently pull and rip or with too much rings on your hand you can scratch a chil d with it. Remember also about your personal hygiene keep your clothes clean and fresh every day that will help to prevent any infection spreading over the children, your hands, nails , skin and hair should be kept clean as well so you will not spread any bacterial to children and staff, long hair should be tying it back , as it comfortable and also prevent you from getting lice or spreading them out over the setting and also make you look tidy. D6: Give TWO different ways in which you can show that you understand the importance of valuing each child as an individual. All children should be treated the same you need to think about each child as an individual and treat them with the same value when you treat one child differently, this is not allowed and it’s called Favouritism, when working with children this is showing discrimination in a setting which is not allowed, other children will feel sad and pushed away that also make children to have a low self-esteem and confidence. To treat children equally you may sometimes provide different activities or adapt resources. Make activities to meet individual children’s needs, listen to children and give them attention when they need it. For children from different countries you can ask them to prepare something from the countries like Christmas cards or any type of card and after all show it to the class . Every child is different so you will meet their needs differently. Observe the children and make the activities from the child interests and stage of development. D7: Show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practice.

Opening an Account With Business Letter Writing Basics

Opening an Account With Business Letter Writing Basics Formal English letters have changed recently as email has become more common. In spite of this, understanding good formal English business letter structure will help you write both business letters and effective emails. The only significant change in formal business letters is that the message is received via email, rather than on letterhead. In the case that you send an email, a date and recipient address is not required at the beginning of the letter. The rest of the letter remains the same. Here are helpful phrases and an example of a business letter focusing on opening an account. The following letter outlines the terms of a newly opened business account. Useful Key Phrases Thank you for opening an account with...I would like to take this opportunity ...Invoices are payable within ...As..., I will be happy to answer any questions you may have regarding......and therefore encourage the use of...We consider this incentive... Example Letter I Here is a formal letter providing terms and conditions for opening an account. This letter is an example of a letter individual clients might receive. Dear ____, Thank you for opening an account with our company. As one of the leaders in this industry, we can assure you that our products and our services will not disappoint you. I would like to take this opportunity to briefly set forth our terms and conditions for maintaining an open account with our firm. Invoices are payable within 30 days of receipt, with a 2% discount available if your payment is remitted within ten (10) days of receipt. We consider this incentive an excellent opportunity for our customers to increase their profit margin, and therefore encourage the use of this discount privilege whenever possible. We do, however, require that our invoices be paid within the specified time, for our customers to take advantage of this 2% discount. At various times throughout the year we may offer our customers additional discounts on our products. In determining your cost in this case, you must apply your special discount first, and then calculate your 2% discount for early payment. As the credit manager, I will be happy to answer any questions you may have regarding your new account. I can be reached at the above number. Welcome to our family of customers. Sincerely, Kevin Mangione Online Terms and Conditions Heres an example of terms and conditions that might be provided on a website. In this case, the language is formal, but directed to all.   Key Phrases The user agrees to ...As a condition of use, you agree to ...... you promise to not ....... for any purpose Welcome to our online community. As a member, you will enjoy the benefits of a vibrant online social forum. In order to keep everyone happy, we have these simple terms and conditions.   The user agrees to follow rules posted on the user forum. Further, you promise to not post inappropriate comments as deemed by forum supervisors. As a condition of use, you agree to not post advertisements of any kind. This includes simple messages posted in online chats. Finally, the user agrees to not use content posted in the forums on other sites for any purpose.   Practice Letter Fill in the gaps to complete this short letter setting out conditions to begin writing your own terms and conditions or emails.   Dear ____, Thank you for __________________. Id like to take this opportunity to assure you that _____________. Ive provided this terms and conditions for ____________________. _____________ are payable within ________ days of receipt, with a _______ discount available if your payment is made within ________ days of receipt. As the __________, I will be happy to answer any questions you may have regarding your new account. I can be reached at ________. Thank you for your _________ and ____________.   Sincerely, _________ For further types of business letters use this guide to different types of business letters to refine your skills for specific business purposes such as making inquiries, adjusting claims, writing cover letters and more. For more detailed help with standard business writing skills, I highly recommend these business English books.

Definition and Examples of Division in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Division in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, division is the part of a speech in which an orator outlines the key points and overall structure of the speech. Also known in Latin as the divisio or partitio, and in English as the partition. The etymology originates from  the Latin, divide. Observations of the Term The partition is of two parts: the speaker can state the material on which there is agreement with the opponent and what remains in dispute, or can list the points to be proved. In the latter event it is important to be brief, complete, and concise. Cicero notes that there are additional rules for partition in philosophy that are not relevant here.(George Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition, 2nd ed. University of North Carolina Press, 1999)The Latin term divisio is related to partitio, but indicates that the main heads of the argument are prepared in view of the opposing position. The author of  Rhetorica ad Herrenium describes the divisio as having two parts. The first contains the points of agreement and disagreement between litigants arising out of the narrative. This is followed by a distribution, which is made up of two parts: the enumeration and the exposition. The enumeration involves telling how many points one will make. The exposition is th e giving of the points to be discussed. No more than three points are recommended. Cicero (Inv. 1.31) indicates that the partitio can take two forms: points of agreement and disagreement with a stated problem, or the matters which we intend to discuss are briefly set forth in a mechanical way. In theory, partitio heads should be explicit but in actual speeches this is the exception rather than the rule. Commonly the partitio is much less obvious (at least to modern readers).(Fredrick J. Long, Ancient Rhetoric and Pauls Apology. Cambridge University Press, 2004) An Example of Division/Partitio So you can see what the situation is; and now you must decide yourselves what is to be done. It seems to me best first to discuss the character of the war, then its scale, and finally the choice of a commander.(Cicero, De Imperio Cn. Pompei. Cicero: Political Speeches, trans. by D.H. Berry. Oxford University Press, 2006) Quintilian on Partitio [A]lthough partition is neither always necessary nor useful, it will, if judiciously employed, greatly add to the lucidity and grace of our speech. For it not only makes our arguments clearer by isolating the points from the crowd in which they would otherwise be lost and placing them before the eyes of the judge, but relieves his attention by assigning a definite limit to certain parts of our speech, just as our fatigue upon a journey is relieved by reading the distances on the milestones which we pass. For it is a pleasure to be able to measure how much of our task has been accomplished, and the knowledge of what remains to do stimulates us to fresh effort over the labour that still awaits us. For nothing need seem long, when it is definitely known how far it is to the end.(Quintilian, Institutes of Oratory, 95 AD, translated by H.E. Butler)

Economics of Construction is the class... i need a 3 page paper on Essay

Economics of Construction is the class... i need a 3 page paper on Describe the federal reserve system and the various ways it effects the market economy - Essay Example The V and Q are fixed so that any change in M causes a proportionate change in P. To control P, it is therefore necessary that M be brought under control. Any policy with respect to this is known as monetary policy. Amongst various instruments available with central bank are interest rates, reserve requirements, interventions in the credit market and so on. These instruments are used to influence the demand for liquidity and, thus, M could be controlled. In fact, Federal Reserve uses several policy instruments to reduce the adverse effects of fluctuations in income. An important instrument used to influence money supply is interest rate, which is signaled by Federal Rate. In the transaction motive for money, there is an inverse relationship between opportunity cost of money that is interest rate and demand for liquidity. As such, if Federal targets inflation, it would have to increase interest rate so that liquidity is removed from the system. Any increase in interest rate would induce people to part away liquidity and thereby bring about stability in the price level. Second mechanism operates through credit market. It is assumed that borrowing from credit market finances entire investment spending. Credit expansion is an important mechanism for money creation; thus, if credit expansion is controlled, money supply can be controlled and so price could be controlled. Federal could use interest rate directly to influence credit creation. A necessary and sufficient condition for investment to take place is that marginal efficiency of capital, measured by rate of return, should be at least or equal to cost of capital, given by interest rate. With every increase in Federal rate, the Federal Reserve indirectly increases cost of capital such that the basic condition for investment spending gets violated. This reduces incentives for private investment resulting is lack demand for credit. Similarly, if the economy has slowed down, they could reduce

Contemporary issues in development finance Essay - 2

Contemporary issues in development finance - Essay Example world, the emerging economies are also suffering from fragile public finances, low Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), huge unemployment and high inequality. Many countries such as Mexico, Greece, Spain and Portugal etc. suffers from high inequality and poverty due to utilization of only one engine of growth. Financial development aims to recover such countries from poor economic condition through ensuring equitable capital allocation, monitoring investments and corporate governance, mobilization of savings pool and managing risk. However, some of the economists are of the opinion that the policies taken by development finance leads to widen the gap of inequality further (Clark, 2006). In this paper, the relationship between inequality and financial development will be critically analysed in the light of theories and empirical evidences. For the purpose of analysis, the case of Mexico will be incorporate in order to examine the level of inequality and poverty exists in that particular e conomy and how the measures of financial development is helping the economy to progress from its current economic situation. Development finance holds huge importance mainly for promoting economic growth through capital accumulation, mobilization of savings for technological inclusion and poverty eradication. The system also aims to encourage the flow of foreign capital. In fact, a meta analysis done on the basis of 67 empirical studies have shown strong correlation between the metrics of development finance and economic growth. Analysing the cases of courtiers with sound tend of economic development, it has been identified that development finance has worked as a driver of economic growth in those countries. The system also strives for better risk management that helps the vulnerable group of the society to obtain opportunities for enhancing their productivity and expands the investment avenue so that the group can generate higher income. Development finance facilitates the growth of

Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Strategy - Essay Example the people at the project level may not be well informed about the strategy of the business in detailed except in just a general manner. Those in top management may be unwilling to share the picture out of fear of commercial sensitivity (particularly of the future direction). Strategic planning is a vital tool within an organization and should be embraced within any level of management (Barry J. Witcher, 2010). A good organizational planning process is that which brings the organization together. It the process where clear vision of the organization is articulated and also the direction in which it intends to go. A strategic organization makes deliberate actions towards the future direction by coming up with ways to measure and benchmark the progress. Several organizations are faced with the challenges of adopting to changing business environment. The conventional view is that for firms to acquire competitive advantage, core competencies, it has to strategically allocate resources so as to be adoptive in the rapid changing environment. As a result, organizations should streamline their efforts and carry out extensive planning and analysis in selecting markets and products which to engage. The evolutionary, or ecology of population, perspective suggests the degree of organizational change is very high that adaptation is almost impossible; instead organizations grow to adopt into an environment through natural selection. At the other end are those who are of the opinion that the contemporary changes in environment are so high and unanticipated that planning becomes difficult, somewhat, organizations have to be adoptable and nimble. Critically, the metaphor that organizations as entities trying to adopt to their changing environment expresses a sense naturalness and inevitability that covers the discretion and internal conflicts of

An Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Health And Social Care Essay

An Acute Upper Respiratory Infection Health And Social Care Essay Health is an asset and is more valuable than wealth. But, mans triumph in controlling a single disease is always associated with the emergence of a new disease. Acute upper respiratory infection is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children throughout the world, particularly in developing countries. In developing countries, a children under 5 years of age dies every 7 seconds due to acute respiratory infection. In both the developed and developing countries 20-30 episodes of ARI occurs during the first 5 years of life in a child. About 4 Â ½ million children die due to ARI which accounts for about 30% of all deaths in children (Behara D, 1995). Lahiri and Nadkarni (2001) say that ARI accounts for 20 25% of deaths among under five and 15-30% of total deaths. In a sample survey, pneumonia ranked first in all ages. In India, 10 -15 children per 10,000 die whereas in united states one child per 10,000 die of acute upper respiratory infection. Thus, 25% of the deaths are preventable through proper immunization. Acute upper respiratory infection is the leading cause of child mortality (30%) followed by diarrhea (20%) in India. One in every 100 children in India between the age group of 0 14 years suffers from AURI (ALL INDIA SURVEY 2002). In a general hospital acute upper respiratory infection accounts for 20 40% of outpatient and 12 35% of Inpatient attendance. The vast majority of acute upper respiratory infections are caused by viruses. Most children have 3 to 8 episodes of common cold in a year. Rhinovirus accounts for up to 60% of infections. Cough occurs in 60 to 80% of children with cold. A streptococcal infection accounts for approximately 15% of bacterial pharyngitis. Acute upper respiratory infections (ARI) are one among the important causes of death in all age groups especially in children below 1 year of age. It has been estimated that 2.2 million deaths are due to Acute upper respiratory infections (ARI) throughout the world. ARI accounts for 13 -20% mortality during first year of life and in child hood in India (Registrar generals published figures). It is estimated 630,000 deaths occurred due to acute upper respiratory infection annually among pre-school age group. The magnitude of ARI morbidity and its impact on health services can be measured by the proportion of outpatient attendance due to ARI. As high as 20 40% of children brought to outpatient department and 12 -35% of children admitted to hospital have ARI. There is a need to undertake periodic surveys in various parts of the country to determine the incidence of ARI associated morbidity and mortality in children in order to plan organize and evaluate the health services. The government of India in its policy document of health for all by 2000 A.D recommends the ARI control program me to reduce infant and pre-school child mortality. (Tambe MP, Shivaram.C, Chandrashekhar.Y. Acute upper respiratory infection in children a survey I the rural community, 1999). The symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infection include rhinitis, pharngitis/ tonsillitis often referred to as a common cold and their complications sinusitis, ear infection, laryngitis and sometimes bronchitis. Symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection are cough, sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, headache, low grade fever, facial pressure and sneezing. Onset of the symptoms usually begins 1 3 days after the exposure to a microbial pathogen. The duration of illness lasts for 7 -10 days. (WIKipedia, the free encyclopedia 2000). Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) also includes pneumonia, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), causes 4.25 million deaths every year. ARIs accounts for third largest causes of mortality in the world and the top killer in low and middle-income countries. Acute upper respiratory infection causes at least 6 percentages of the worlds disability and death. These deaths occur mainly in the worlds poorest countries, where the drives of acute upper respiratory infection, includes malnutrition, pollution, overcrowding, and tobacco use. The death due to pneumonia is 215 times higher in low-income countries 3 million to 5 million people suffer from flu every year The most common source of respiratory illness in children is Respiratory Syncitial Virus. Acute upper respiratory infection affects people infected with HIV. The main cause for 20 percent to 40 percent of all hospitalizations in childhood is due to Acute Respiratory Infection. Pneumonia causes 20 percent of all pediatric deaths around the world -1.6 million in 2008, and, 732,000 children die from malaria and 200,000 from HIV/ AIDS every year. Respiratory Syncitial Virus kills at least 66,000 children every year. (Acute respiratory infections Atlas 2010). Researchers from the universita delgi reported that bacteria in the mouth offer probiotic potential against upper respiratory tract infections. There is only a minimal understanding of internal communication between human hosts and their microbes is available,it is of an idea that probiotics are live microorganism which promote health within their host. The benefits of probiotics are predominantly explored so far in the intestinal tract; but,few studies suggest probiotics also promote wellness in the stomach, vaginal tract, skin and mouth. The leading cause of visits to the pediatrician is due to upper respiratory infection in children between the ages of 5 and 12. The main cause for upper respiratory infection is Streptococcus pyogenes and the only treatment available at present is antibiotics, where it prescription rates are running up to 90 percent. Bacteria from the mouths of healthy volunteers were isolated and identified two potential probiotic bacterial strains named Streptococcus salivarius RS1 an ST3. The recently developed oral probiotic prototype and these two strains bound to human pharyngeal cells and responsibe for antagonizing of S. Pyogenes adhesion and growth. Additionally, all these strains were sensitive to antibiotics which are used routinely for treating upper respiratory tract infection. Only about 1 percent of development funding was spent on research on Acute Respiratory Infection in 2007, than the amount spent on HIV related research. Some of the low-cost strategies are available which can be implemented immediately whereas,others require longer term efforts. The strategies mentioned are: Effective distribution of nutritional supplements, vaccination programs, Dissemination of knowledge by public awareness campaigns, Tobacco use to be reduced. Identifying efficient ways to produce vaccines and the distribution need to be strengthened. (Acute respiratory infections Atlas 2010). The supportive therapy of sore throat is gargling with lukewarm saline solution, steam in inhalation, not forcing the child to eat and giving frequent small amount of warm liquid. Tulsi or the loly basil is one of the most common herbs used in cough related remedies. It maintains the health of the throat chest and lungs. In fact, it helps to protect the entire respiratory tract. NEED FOR THE STUDY Literature highlights are increasing incidence of ARI as a major health problem for under five children and health experts advocate alternative therapies like lukewarm saline solution, steam inhalation to treat ARI rather than medication alone. A survey conducted in the rural community regarding respiratory tract infections says that the delay in receiving medical care is considered to learn important reason for the high mortality related to acute respiratory infections in the developing countries. Far distance of the hospital was the main reason for not receding treatment followed by ignorance, family problems etc. Those reasons may force the parents to seek treatment from other alternate resources. The rural medical practitioners are often not institutionally qualified and hence are frequently not able to select and use appropriate antibiotics in adequate dosage for proper duration for the treatment of acute respiratory infections, making the outcome unfavorable in many children. Sensitive use of antibiotics can decrease the adverse effects of it and also the costs spent towards it. Decreased antibiotic usage benefits the patient by reducing the rise of drug resistant bacteria, which is now concerned as a problem in the world nowadays. Health authorities are encouraging physicians to reduce the prescription of antibiotic to treat common Upper Respiratory Infection due to above reasons. (National Center for health statistics 2008) Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) accounts significant health burden among children.An average child suffers from six to eight attacks of colds each year, where, each attack lasts for seven to nine days. While children are frequently given drugs such as antihistamines, cough suppressants and decongestants, to reduce symptoms, there is no such effectiveness by these medications among children younger than 12 years. The drugs which prescribed for respiratory tract infections are antibiotics, all these antibiotics are not providing much protection against respiratory infections which in turn becomes a sign of future asthma. This again becomes difficulty to attribute antibiotic use in case of asthma. (Anita Kozyrskyj, PhD, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB 2010). When young children affected with both respiratory and non respiratory infections, the antibiotic is the one which is being prescribed frequently. (Mark J.Rosen, MD, FCCP, President, American college of chest Physicians 2010).These physicians came with the conclusion that better decisions for treatment option for respiratory infection can be made only if physicians understand clearly the relationship between asthma and antibiotic use. Tulsi has an important role to play in treating the symptoms of respiratory tract diseases. It acts regularly on phlegm hence it works as a good expectorant giving relief from wet cough. It helps to fight the cause of allergy by which our respiratory tract gets inflamed and then resolves the causative agent. It is anti-inflammatory. It promotes optimum respiratory support. It is an excellent remedy for sore throat and fever. The investigator during her clinical exposure in the community observed that 50% of the under five population is suffering from acute upper respiratory infections. The investigator observed that mothers with under five (child affected with AURI) seeking medical treatment only in case when AURI becomes severe. Mothers in this community ignoring treatment when their children affected with mild AURI and also they are unaware about home remedy for treating the symptoms of AURI. The investigator also identified that reason for seeking treatment only in the severe AURI by the mothers with under five is due to far distance of the health care facilities and also due to poor transportation facilities. And even if mothers seek medical treatment, antibiotics are being prescribed and it is not advisable as per study conducted by (National centre for health statistics 2008). So, the investigator found it is useful to a conduct a research in this community to find the effectiveness to Tulsi on upper respiratory tract infection among under five with upper respiratory infection, where this herb is commonly available and is of no cost. STATEMENT OF THE STUDY A study to assess the effectiveness of steam inhalation with Tulsi leaves on signs and symptoms and behavioral responses of children aged 6 months to 2 years with acute upper respiratory infection at home in a rural community, Coimbatore. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to assess whether there was a reduction in the signs and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection and changes in behavioral responses of the children who received steam inhalation compared to children who did not receive steam inhalation. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To assess and compare the degree of acute upper respiratory infection in experimental and control group after intervention. To assess and compare the behavioral responses of children with acute upper respiratory infection in experimental and control group after intervention. To find out the mothers views about steam inhalation with Tulsi leaves. To find out the association between the degree of acute upper respiratory infection demographic variables (Age, sex, immunization status, education of mother, total income of the family). HYPOTHESIS H1 There will be a significant difference in the degree of acute upper respiratory infection between the experimental and control group after intervention. H2 there will be a significant difference in the behavioral responses between experimental and control group after intervention. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Effectiveness Producing the desired or intended result which is the reduction of symptoms of mild and moderate acute upper respiratory infection and duration of the infection. Steam inhalation with Tulsi 1 liter of water is boiled in a wide mounted receptacle and Tulsi leaves are added to it. The steam coming out of it is breathed by the child while mother is sitting in front of the steam holding the child with head covered. Signs Changes which are observed by the researcher with naked eyes. Symptoms Changes that are noticed by the mother and reported on asking Behavioral responses The reaction of the child in terms of activities such as smiling, walking, running, eating and playing. Acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURI) It is inflammation of the upper respiratory tract involving nose, pharynx and tonsils and manifesting signs and symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, tearing eyes, itching of the nose, pink and shiny nasal mucosa, red and swollen throat, cough, fever and fatigue. Based on the signs and symptoms, AURI is classified as mild moderate and severe AURI. In mild AURI. The symptoms are runny nose, sneezing, tearing eyes, itching of the nose, pink and shiny nasal mucosa, and presence of crusts on the nose and fever. In moderate ARUI, the symptoms are red swollen throat, cough along with the symptoms of mild AURI. In severe AURI, the symptoms are inflamed and enlarged tonsils, pus within the fold of the tonsils, pain during swallowing and pain in the symptoms of mild and moderate AURI. ASSUMPTIONS Acute upper respiratory infections are very common among under five children in urban and rural community. Mothers follow certain home remedies like application of Vicks and Camphor over chest, over head and nose and administration of milk with turmeric and pepper and sugar. Caring children with respiratory infection home in the community is influenced by personal and socio-cultural factors. Children with acute upper respiratory infection mostly treated at home with home remedies which varies from one community to another DELIMITATION The study is delimited to children aged 6months to 2 years The study is delimited to children suffering from mild to moderate acute upper respiratory infections. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The degree of AURI, duration of infection and behavioral response are assessed in AURI children before and after intervention. If there is a significant reduction in the degree, duration and changes in the behavioral responses of experimental group of sample, then it is the clear indication effectiveness of steam inhalation with Tulsi leaves. Teaching steam inhalation is very simple and it can be practiced very easily. If the mothers are able to administer the steam inhalation with Tulsi for their infected children without any difficulties, and if this intervention is acceptable it is clearly indicate the utility value of Tulsi leaves for acute upper respiratory tract infection children. The findings will be beneficial to health practices to motivate mothers with AURI infected children and to promote health life. Conceptual framework A conceptual model can be defined as a set of concepts and those assumptions that integrate them into a meaningful configuration (Fewett, 1980). The development of a concept model is a fundamental process required before conducting actual research. The frame work influence each state of research process. The conceptual framework in nursing research can help to provide a clear concise idea of knowledge in the area. Conceptual framework for this study nursing process model based on Dorothy E.Johnsons Behavioral system theory (1980). According to Johnson, nursing views the individual as a set of interconnected or inter-dependent parts functioning as a integrated whole. Johnson identified seven subsystems. The subsystems are affiliation, aggressive, dependency, eliminative, ingestive, restorative, and sexual. The subsystems carry out special function for the system as a whole. Disturbance in any of the subsystem usually affects the other. The steps of the nursing process in incorporated with the Dorothy Johnsons Behavioral system model. Nursing process is a deliberate activity where the proactive of nursing is performed in a systematic order. Dorothy Johnsons presents a three step nursing process, the steps are entitled nursing diagnosis which parallel the assessment and diagnosis phase, the second step nursing goal equal to the implementation and third step is evaluation. This study focused on children and the dependency system which is one among the subsystems which result in approval, attention, recognition, and physical assistance. ASSESSMENT Assessment is the process of collecting data regarding each subsystem. In this study, the assessment was done in the dependency subsystem. Data on demographic profile (age, sex, immunization status, education of the mother, income of the family) was collected. The children were examined for signs and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection and behavior responses of the children were collected by interviewing the childrens mother. DIAGNOSIS Through assessment from the subsystem problems are identified and diagnosis is made and it provides basis for nursing intervention. In this study the data collected through observation and interview using interview schedule and observation checklist was analyzed the diagnosis is made on acute upper respiratory infection and categorized into mild, moderate and no infection. NURSING GOALS (PLANNING) After diagnosis is made the goal is to maintain or restore the persons behavioral system balance and stability through planning interventions. In this study, the goal was to reduce the degree acute upper respiratory infection and to restore the high level of activity (behavioral responses). In this study the planning occurs when the children and a nurse identify activities and bring about dependency system equilibrium. INTERVENTION Nursing activity as an external regulatory force assists the equilibrium. Based on the diagnosis, nursing actions and intervention can be planned in terms of teaching, external control or providing responses needed by the client. In this study, the nursing activity was the administration of steam inhalation therapy with Tulsi leaves the children in the experimental group for a period of time brings about change in the degree of acute upper respiratory infection. EVALUATION Evaluation refers to checking the subsystems identified as problematic for balance and overall system stability. In this study, the investigator compared the degree of acute upper respiratory infection of the experimental group children with the control group by using criteria and evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention by observing the signs and symptoms of infection and the report given by mothers of the children. Figure 1 Highlights the conceptual framework on modified nursing process based on Dorothy Johnsons Behavioral system model.

E-mail Essay -- Technology, Communication

Email is the most widely used communication tool within companies today. Email has been described as a curse and a blessing. Email reaches its recipients quickly and can be sent across the globe within seconds. Companies with multiple locations find this essential in communicating. Email can also reach a large number of individuals within a matter of keystrokes. Sending a mass email reaches many recipients with one consistent message. While there are many praises of email, its drawbacks must be considered as well. Email communication can financially impact an organization. Emails sent without a clear message can lead to misinterpretations which ultimately may cost the company money. Employees often complain of receiving up to and sometimes over 100 emails a day and often many do not pertain to them. For each email the employee must read to determine its value to them or spend time reading to perceive a clear message, it reduces the employee’s productivity. Managers and coworkers who use effective email techniques can increase communication accuracy, decrease frustration and increase productivity. BYRON, K. (2008). CARRYING TOO HEAVY A LOAD? THE COMMUNICATION AND MISCOMMUNICATION OF EMOTION BY EMAIL. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 309-327. doi:10.5465/AMR.2008.31193163 This article provides a unique examination into how the emotion written in email affects its perception. Study results were measured on emails written with positive, negative and neutral emotions. Gender and relationship status were taken into account for this study. The conclusion results suggested that misinterpretations as a result of emotion written within email is inevitable and varies largely from the intended emotion of the sender and th... ...This article addresses the cost of email mistakes and the characteristics of an effective email. The charts provided not only indicate the cost of the mistakes but the hours lost in productivity. Accuracy, clarity, spelling, punctuation, grammar and conciseness were identified as characteristics of an effective email. While this article clearly identifies the cost of ineffective emails and the loss of productivity, it lacks solutions to improve efficient email writing. A source is referenced but lacks detail in study information. Studies within the literature researched support the thesis that the use of effective email techniques can increase communication accuracy, decrease frustration and increase productivity. Elements of a properly written email were identified. Training implementation and measurement proved to improve clarity and productivity.

Pro Death Penalty Essay

The death penalty should be kept as a punishment in our court systems. It should be kept because it helps crime rates drop, helps give closure, serves justice, and more. Even though it gives a great outcome to the system there are people who argue against it. People against say that capital punishment is not rite, innocent people get killed, and its cruel and unusual punishment; yet none of those facts are proven, in fact, there is prove against them. Ultimately the death penalty helps society feel better and be a better place. The death penalty prevents more murders in society by causing one that is deserved. This is because people get scared of giving up everything for nothing. They think twice before they take a life because they can be punished by getting their life taken. The death penalty stops most people from killing others over stupid things like money, arguments, etc. Most of the people that do commit murders either don’t care about there life, didn’t mean to, or have some kind of anger or psychiatric problem like being psychotic, schizophrenic, bipolar and more. Many people tried to prove that the death penalty prevented murders, but there attempts were inconclusive. In 1973 Isaac Ehlrich engaged in an analysis which results showed that for every criminal executed 7 lives were saved (MSU); only because people were scared of the death penalty and didn’t want to take a chance with there life. The many people that appose the death penalty say that the death penalty doesn’ t prevent murders, but causes them. Like criminologist William Bowers of Northeastern University says â€Å"Society is hurt by the use of the death penalty, this ups the likelihood of more murder.† (MSU) I think that this is an insane idea. Even if society was brutalized by the use of the death penalty, why would they ever even think of committing more murders. The more murders that they commit the more the state would have to sentence the death penalty thus making what they were brutalized by even worse. What about all the criminals in our prisons that are serving life sentences. Life imprisonment is the worst punishment next to the death penalty and without that there is nothing left to punish the inmates with. If the inmate knows that it can’t get worse than that they could kill guard and do whatever they wanted. When there is a punishment of death the inmates have to think that they are in jail and it’s not a nice place there but at least they are alive. Murder is very severe crime and can not be handled lightly. As stated by MSU when someone kills somebody they must be punished equally; as they should be for any other crime. This can be related to the saying an eye for an eye of course we don’t take it to as great extent as they did before. If a teenager steels something like a CD they will get a certain amount of community service. This is basically being forced to do volunteer work to pay back for what you would have stolen and extra hours as a punishment. In an act of murder the victim’s family gets extremely traumatized. The damage caused can never be fixed. If the victim was say caught in a crossfire some family members might be scared to go outside. They could have nightmares and much more can happen. If the murderer is put to justice and executed at least they will have some kind of closure and know that the murderer is not able to commit any more murders. New Media Mill states that only good has happened since the government reinstated the death penalty after the court case Gregg vs. Georgia (1976). Ever since it was reinstated murder rates have dropped in almost all the states from 30% to 65%. Today, about 70% of America is for the death penalty even though there are a few problems just as there is in any other system. The main problem is executing and innocent person. According to MSU there is no proof of any innocent person getting executed. It would be extremely hard to happen because of all the safeguards and appeals added in the 1970’s. Even if an innocent has been executed it is very rare. It wouldn’t be rite to try an stop the death penalty because of some unproven fact, that’s like saying there are innocent people in prison so abolish prison. There is no way you can be 100% sure which inmates are innocent and which ones are not, and you can’t re-investigate all there cases because that would take too much man power and time. The people that do get out of death row normally get out because of legal technicalities. If someone can be proven innocent the governor will grant them clemency. The other claims are usually just delaying tactics (MSU). This is way the court has the appeal system which allows the inmate to postpone the execution. According to statistics on New Media Mill it is more likely to take a guilty man off death row and put him in a normal prison for life than it is to execute an innocent man. People say that the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment if anything the system goes way too easy on the death row inmates. Some murderers kill people in the most brutal, disgusting, and unimaginable ways and they are executed by lethal injection. They get to die in there sleep without any pain or suffering. They die the way everyone wishes they die. In my eyes, that’s not considered a punishment comparing it to how some inmates have killed people. For example Michele Ross got the death penalty and was killed by painless lethal injection after raping and killing eight women. The people put on death row should be killed in a harsher way. According to MSU government isn’t giving cruel and unusual punishment by lethal injection, people should be happy that they are nice enough to execute the inmates so peacefully. I could understand people seeing it as cruel and unusual if the government banned lethal injection and left the inmates with a choice of the other four methods for execution which are hanging, gas chamber, firing squad, and electrocution which cause pain (MSU). When hanging the person drops with the noose around his neck so that it snaps his neck. Instant death doesn’t always happen so the person sometimes suffocates. Using the gas chamber they sit the person in a chair and fill the room until he chokes from the lethal gas. The firing squad gives a shot to the heart and kills the person in a few seconds or if the heart is missed the person bleeds to death. When being electrocuted the person is tied to a chair while they put 2000 volts of electricity through them. During lethal injection the person is put to sleep then paralyzed then given a liquid witch stops all function in the body. As you see execution can’t get much better than lethal injection. Cruel and unusual is when Ronell Wilson shot and killed detectives James Nemorin and Rodney Andrews in 2003 (Google News). Hopefully you know realize that the death penalty should be kept as a punishment in our court systems. It has helped crime rates in almost every state drop, it has given closure to many families, it has served justice, and more. There will always be people coming up with reasons why the death penalty should be stopped. Reasons like cruel and unusual punishment, that it hurts society, and more but in the end it is the main thing that stops people from going out of control and makes society a better place. Work Cited Google News. The Death Penalty. 2006. 11/25/06. http://news.google.com/news?q=for+the+death+penaltyMichigan State University. The Death Penalty. 2006. 11/21/06. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.msu.eduNew Media Mill. DPIC. 2006. 11/20/06. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org

Global Communications Worksheet Essay

Your supervisor wants to send a brief e-mail message, welcoming employees recently transferred to your department from different regions across the company, which are Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Create a clear and concise welcome message that would be appropriate for these groups of employees. Research the communication style of each of the following countries: Brazil Russia India China Transcribe the following welcome message for the employees from each country: I wanted to welcome you ASAP to our little family here in the States. It’s high time we shook hands in person and not just across the sea. I’m pleased as punch about getting to know you all, and I for one will do my level best to sell you on America. Complete the table below with your transcribed welcome messages. Also indicate whether each of the countries are more individualistic or relationship focused, and whether they are direct or indirect in their communication. Country Transcribe Welcome Message Relationship or Individualistic? Direct or Indirect? Brazil

US Counter Terrorism Policy essays

US Counter Terrorism Policy essays In the past, the United States has pursued its own vision of international security based upon a particular conception of politics. Its policies have naturally included the use of physical power to underscore strategic aims. This paper seeks to canvass the nuances of US military engagement in the specific context of counterterrorism policy. The politics of physical force traverses the need for both moral and tactical justification. In a broader framework of strategic doctrine, the use of force to achieve strategic goals dictates a comprehensive assessment of the dynamics of military constraints and political realities. Therefore, the fundamental success of an ambitious and unilateral United States counterterrorism doctrine hinges upon its ability to focus upon the tangible and political contingencies of staging a War on Terrorism. In order to go to wage a war there must be an identifiable enemy. Within the constraints of our state-centric international system, there is an equal need to accommodate for the political climate in which one exists. The failure to understand both the enemy and the environment will result in lopsided policies that obstruct the achievement of strategic goals. In the wake of 9/11, with the subsequent wars on Afghanistan and Iraq, there in an increasingly heightened sensibility of the need for a consolidated US stance contra terrorism that elucidates a clear and sustainable plan for military engagement to preclude the dangers of imperial overreach. The use of military force by the United States in relation to Afghanistan and Iraq prompted, and continues to prompt, debate and criticism. Suggestions of policy conflation (as to whether or not terror was the true target of these military efforts) raise a serious question of determining what substantively constitutes the terrorist threat. Additionally, the practical considerations underpinning extensive military commitments loom large. Without ventu...

Topics for a Research Paper

Topics for a Research Paper Topics for a Research Paper Topics for a Research Paper Of course, you need to start your research paper writing with the choice of the topic. While choosing research paper topics you should take into account the following recommendations. Research paper topic should be of interest to you. Research paper writing on the completely uninteresting topic turns into forced work and, as a result, does not lead to good grade. You can use college research paper topics available at any faculty to choose your own research paper topic. Nowadays, in an attempt to solve the problem of rampant research paper plagiarism, some advisers give students the topic or specific problem for the study in their own wording. It is a very good solution because among those research paper topics you can easily find the one you are interested the most. Eventually, in "adult" life you have to do what you need, not what you want. For example, members of university faculties periodically write research papers on different topics, so, you can always find something for your own research paper writing among their works. There should be sufficient literature on the chosen topic. Therefore, it is the best to take the first few attractive to you research paper topics, and then examine the library catalogs, and finally choose the one that suits you the most. The available literature on the topic should be sufficiently comprehensible to you - it should not be written in too "featured" language. Sure, it depends on your intelligence; you might be able to read complex texts. This ability is formed by research paper writers in the process of education. Research Paper Ideas In formulating the topic, you make an application for a specific result. If you will not give the desired content of "stuffing", your work will be totally in vain. Thus, while writing research paper, it is important to avoid too broad or too narrow topics. In the first case, you will be expected to assume an unbearable task, risking not to meet the due date and standard text sizes. In the second case, you will probably not be able to find a necessary number of sources (there should be at least ten sources in the bibliography). However, a narrower wording of the college research paper topic is still preferable to a broad one, because the quality of the content of the English research paper is valued significantly higher than the number of pages filled with text. .com Feel lost in topics for a research paper? Do not panic, we are here to help you with research paper writing. We deliver only custom written research papers and we are never late with essay delivery. It is much easier to become a good student with our help. Do not hesitate to contact us to get professional custom essay writing help.