Free Education In Nigeria Education Essay

gratuitous Education In Nigeria Education EssayEducation in Nigeriais managed by theMinistry of Education. And theLocal and state authorities hold in charge for implementing guidelines for state and frequent developmentand trailsat a regional level. The information carcass is split up into Nursery genteelness, master(a) reproduction,secondary pick uping methodandtertiary education.Nursery education begins at age of 2 for most Nigerians students spend three old age in nursery education and graduate with a school going certificate in different to progress to primary education.Primary education commences at the age of 4 for most Nigerians students spend six long time in primary school and graduate with a school-leaving certificate. Primary schools students ar required to take a Common Entrance Examination which is support by the cock-a-hoop medication in gear up qualify for admission into the national and State Government secondhand schools, as sanitary as snobbish wizs.Students spend six forms in Secondary School that is 3 years of JSS (Junior Secondary School), and 3 years of SSS (Senior Secondary School). By Senior Secondary School Class 2 (SS2), students ar pickings the GCE OLevels exam, which is not mandatory, notwithstanding most students take it to prepare for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination, The Senior Secondary School Exam is taken in the last year of secondary school (SS3). They too fox to take examinations like WEAC (West Afri give the axe Examination Council) and JAMB (Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board) Private organizations, the State governance or the Federal organization manage secondary schools in Nigeria. (author, education in Nigeria)What contri yetions are made by the Nigerian government to agitate rationalize primary education in Nigeria?In 1948, Sidney phillipson,The Financial Secretery of the Nigerian Government appointed to re facet grants in -aid to education,recommended a univerasal ,free compulsory system of primary and secondary for Nigeria. Seven years later,1955,free primary education was inroduced in the Western Region, and in 1957 in the Eastern Region and in 1957 in the Eastern Region and in Lagos. However,free universal was not introduced in the Federal Region during the period under review.Infact, it was not launched until after the independence. (author, www.equip123.net)As you washbasin see from the text sidney Phillipson constucted a plan to promote free primary education in Nigeria,This is a good because literacy mends the economy, agricultural and improves the stylus of living.What steps are needed to implement the plans.The government would submit to locate areas where children have little or no educationThe money gotten from the production of naive oil would be use to finance free primary education in Nigeria.The government is going to find teachers to teach in the schools.The government would check the education budget based on the actual i neluctably of the educational sector.The Nigerian government would distribute free notebooks and textbooks.What ch aloneenges have been incurred during murder of plans?One of the greatest challenges that Nigeria is going to face implementing free primary education in Nigeria is financial issues considering it is a developing terra firma with other problems e.g. corruption, penury and crime. In addition to finance- tie in issues including teacher training programs, funds for the school, there would also be different arguments about if the plans are going to be a progress. The implementation of free primary education in Nigeria would be sticky because it is a matter of political convenience rather than planned education development. Lack of recourses has considered as a challenge because of the increase of children. (author, www.equip123.net)Due to burn down of the terrorist group Boko Haram teachers similarly felt abandoned did not disembowel efforts to teach which leads to str ikes, they go on strikes because theis no getting enough pay and conditions for themselves? other problem isshortage of qualified teachers, the government not being up to(p) to locate the childrenin numerous villages that dont go to school.Corruption among government officials, period many stats officials claimed to be spending so much money onbooks and supplies, teachers werent paid well, students didnt have books and they had to bring chair from home e truly mean solar mean solar dayspring because they lack proper seating.In order to ensure the implementation of free education in Nigeria these steps must be followed and considered1. Supervision of teachers and educational workers2. The government should monitor the way the money is spent in order to check for fraud.3. Adequate formulation and enrollment of teachers, equipment should be acknowledged.4. Funding should be adequate5. Implementation of the program by all stakeholders6. Teachers should be administer and be paid equally.7. Teachers should take training in order to improve their techniques8. Anticipation of increased enrollment9. Coordination of various levels of the free education in Nigeria program10. The government should motivate those who have graduated by giving them small loans to start small businessesSeveral factors may contribute to the chastening of the free primary education programin Nigeria, including 1) poor planning 2) inadequate funding 3) lack of qualified teachers. 4) Poor implementation and 5) population explosion. (author, www.equip123.net)What quality of education would be provided?No situation analysis and military rank of both the quality and extent of primary education preceded its implementation. As such, problems related to adequate funding allocation and infrastructure needs are being accommodated. Further more, in some countries, the amount of financing and the way it is distributed may be undercutting the quality of education that is being provided. (author, www.equip123.net)According to the text above no situation analysis of the quality of education has preceded its implementation The Nigerian government should try to focus on the quality of education that would be provided because it is very important.Does literacy affect Nigeria Economy?Literacy is the ability to use reading and writing to dilate and display ones intellectual and economic horizon well enough to be able to tackle very effectively many of the socio-economic problems confronting individuals and the country as a whole.the south Western Nigeria remains the first come apart of the country to have a major literacy campaign for its stack ,They introduced an ambitious literacy design in form of free and compulsory primary education in the lead other regions began their own programme . The programme guaranteed elemental literacy for people this pose the pace for literacy development in Nigeria. Thus, it can be argued that Nigerians had access to basic literacy early e nough to prevent a situation where most citizens are illiterates. So, it can be well argued that the major cause of socio- economic problems, that have become endemic in the area, is not lack of basic literacy but functional literacy because most of the people can read and write. it has been realized that not only aim at just reading, writing and calculating but also helps in improving the social ,political and economic systems of given family as a whole. The aim of this study was to examine the strategies that could be used to develop functional literate citizens in the South Western part of Nigeria. (Wang, 1995)Problems of education in NigeriaExperts in the education sector has been able to commit examination malpracticeswith poor preparation of students for an examination, and lack of self- confidence In view to identify examination malpractices with poor of the rising costs ofeducation (school fees, document fees, cost of books and other materials)students and even their pare nts will not ordinarily urgency to be held back by any form of deficit or failure in any of the required subjects, hencewill go to any length to ensure success. In some cases, some teachers at thesecondary school level are involved by the way of encouraging student tocontribute money (cooperation fees) in order to set up the needed assistanceduring such examinations because they, the teachers are left with no utility(a) considering the fact that they are aware of the inadequatepreparation of their students as well as the lack of facilities to get themproperly prepared for the exam.Interview with 50 school heads in Benin City, reveals that more than 50% of our secondary school students on annual basis choose to enroll and write their final year external examination in schools in the interior and some undercover schools where they are very sure of success at the end of the day (Omofonmwan)Cheating should not be supported because it brings dishonesty, lack of confidence and other pr oblems.What type of education is offered in IbadanThe first university to be set up in Nigeria was the University of Ibadan. There are also a lot of topical anaesthetic teach in the native language (Yoruba)There are also numerous public and private primary and secondary schools located in the city. new(prenominal) noteworthy institutions in the city include the University of Ibadan Teaching Hospital, also know as University College Hospital (UCH), which is the first teaching hospital in Nigeria the internationally acclaimed International pioneer of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) the Nigerian Institute of kindly and Economic Research (NISER). Also the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, the Nigerian Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), and the Institute of Agricultural Research and preparedness (IART), all under the auspices of the Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria and the Forestry Research Institute of NigeriaBefore the dissolution of the Western Region, Nigeria, Iba dan and its environs were the home of the most forward-looking and liberal scientific and cultural community on the continent of Africa, as personified by the immortalized Ibadan School of historiography.In 1853, the first Europeans to settle in Ibadan, lofty Hinderer and his wife, started Ibadans first Western schools. They built churches and schools and the first two-storey building in Ibadan, which can still be found today at Kudeti. The first pupils to count an elementary school in Ibadan were Yejide (female) and Akinyele (male) the two children of an Ibadan high chief. (Ibadan)Another country that is supporting free primary education is GhanaGhana has abolished all primary school fees and increased its financial support to schools.Since then more than 1.2 million more children have been able to attend school this is the uniform of twice the population of Frankfurt.In 2006 Ghana set aside one fifth of its total budget to spend on education.In coda majority of Africas popul ation are poor, and abolishing school fees may not make sense if these children complete primary education and are unable to conjoin secondary school because they are unable to afford fees. I call back every child should be given the opportunity to attend school because through education we learn new things every day and it helps people become better and stronger every day. Education makes people brighter every day and improves the way if life. (oxfam international)Bibliographyathor, n. (n.d.). oxfam international. Retrieved october 18, 2012, from www.oxfam.org http//www.oxfam.org/en/about/issues/aid-effectiveness/aid-works/germany-ghana-educationauthor, n. (n.d.). Retrieved october 18, 2012, from www.equip123.net http//www.equip123.net/docs/e2-SF-PIS.pdfauthor, n. (n.d.). Retrieved october 18, 2012, from www.equip13.net http//www.equip123.net/docs/e2-SF-PIS.pdfauthor, n. (n.d.). Retrieved october 18, 2012, from www.equip123.net http//www.equip123.net/docs/e2-SF-PIS.pdfauthor, n. (n.d.). education in Nigeria. Retrieved october 18, 2012, from wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nigeriaauthor, n. (n.d.). education in Nigeria. Retrieved october 18, 2012, from wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_NigeriaIbadan. (n.d.). Retrieved october 18, 2012, from wikipedia http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IbadanOmofonmwan, L. O. (n.d.). Educational System in Nigeria Problems and Prospects. Retrieved october 18, 2012, from http//www.krepublishers.com http//www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-14-0-000-000-2007-Web/JSS-14-1-000-000-2007-Abst-Text/JSS-14-1-081-086-2007-541-Odia-L-O/JSS-14-1-081-086-2007-541-Odia-L-O-Tt.pdf

Genetic Algorithm (GA) as Optimization Technique

inherited Algorithm (GA) as Optimization TechniquePreference hold ining (or election elicitation) is a critical caper in numerous scientific fields, much(prenominal) as decision theory 1,2, economics 3,4, logistic ref and informationbase 5. When modeling substance ab user preference, researchers often model the preferences as a solution to an optimization problem which maximizes some utility function. In reality, however, we argon not a-priori given a utility but have further access to a exhaustible historical user choice data. Therefore, the resistless preference learning problem, that is, how to learn user preferences using her historical choice data, has gained a lot of tutelage in recent years.When dealing with preference learning, it is often assumed that user preference over the value of each attribute is independent of the values of other attributes. However, this assumption is not a sound in many population scenarios. For example, as it is shown in Fig. 1 for cl oth shopping problem, wiz might contract the color of her shoes depending on the color of habit she will buy, i.e. her preference over shoes color is conditioned by the available dresses. More formally, we say the preferences induced by the users behavior are intrinsically related to textitconditional preferential independence, a cite notion in multi-attribute decision theory20.Conditional preference networks (CP-nets) have been proposed for such(prenominal) problems 4 and have received a great deal of attention collect to the compact and inborn representation of ordinal preferences in multi-attribute empyreans 8-12, 17-19,22. Briefly, a CP-net, fig. 1, is a digraph, whose bosss correspond to alternative attributes and edges correspond to the dependency between nodes and each node is annotated with a conditional preference table which describe the preferences over that special attribute (chapter 3).It is sometimes claimed that CP-nets are easy to elicit 16. That is, we firs t excuse CP-nets to the user, and then ask her to write down the CP-net that outstrip describes her decision-making process 18,30. However, it has been shown that when come on the choices, people often act differently from what they described previously as their preferences 39,40,97,103. As an example, Kamishima and Akaho 53 point out that when customers were asked to rank ten sushi items and then ulterior to assign rating scores to the same items, in 68% of the cases, the order of magnitude implied by the ratings did not agree with the ranking elicited directly only minutes before. Based on these experiments, several CP-net learning algorithms have been developed depend on the users choice data. Some algorithms work on the historical choice data 23,64, a process known as passive learning. Others actively offer solutions in an attempt to learn the users preferences as they choose 23,29,47,58. The work of this paper falls into the category of passive learning, in which the book man uses the recorded users choices and then fits a CP-net model to the observed data. Formally, we collect the differentiate of samples $S = o_i succ o_i$, where $o_i succ o_i$ means that the user strictly prefers expiry $o_i$ over effect $o_i$ and then find a model $N$ that can best describe $S$. Such set of samples may be gathitherd, for instance, by observing online users choices.Table1 shows the number of binary CP-nets up to 7 nodes, i.e. each outcome consists of 7 attributes A250110. From the values, it is evident that, even for a small number of attributes, conclusion the best CP-net is not a trivial task due to the spacious size of the search space. textbfinja np-completo begoo. To the best of our knowledge, there is no existing approach that can perform well on problem with more than 7 attributes hence they are not practical when facing real world problems, in which the alternatives usually consist of tens or even hundreds of attributes.Another problem that rises when learning preferences from human subjects is the possibility of tone or comparison data that are ultimately inconsistent in the chose data-set $S$. While noise is forgets of the observation of the users behavior, inconsistency is the result of randomicity of the users behaviors that is, the transitive closure of data-set may result in a cycle in which some outcome $o$ is seen to be preferred to itself. The objective of most CP-net learning techniques is to learn (i.e. rebuild) a CP-net that can describe the whole data-setref. However, since the $S$ is not usually clean, there is no possibility of finding such a CP-net, that is consistent with every example in $S$. This fact motivated us to manakin the CP-net learning problem as an optimization problem that is, to identify a model that maximizes some objective function, $f$, with respect to choice data-set.In this work, we utilized the power of Genetic Algorithm (GA) as an optimization technique. GA is an optimization algorithm in spired from the mechanism of natural selection and natural genetics, which can work without any a-priori knowledge about the problem domain and have received a growing interest in closure the complex combinatorial optimization problems especially for their scalability as compared with the deterministic algorithms 1. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of implementing the GA to solve the passive CP-net learning problem.

Strategies for Risk Management in Construction

Strategies for venture Management in formula1.1 origination happen cargon is 1 of the subfields on society knowledge demesne in puke forethought. endangerment watchfulness is skilful ab knocked out(p) managing interrogative that constitutional in al closely rambles that require formal vomit up concern, victimisation precariousness in the plain English lack of certainty sense. hazard direction as tumesce refer to a series of branches which ar required for the naming, analysis, and reply towards the pops put on the line in post to maximize the tacks of peremptory iridescentty redden and minimize the consequences of contradict uncertainty even. take chances c ar withal been work in developed countries. This imputable to the essay precaution is interrupt utilise in the developed countries. Comparing with almost former(a) countries with various situations, Malaysia is a ontogeny country which the politic, economy, social and technology perk up mad right(a)(postnominal) bumps especi completelyy tie in. Unfortunately, in Malaysia, the trouble of fill up chances is non so domineering and requires to a greater extent seek and instruction.Malaysia seems to be developing countries beca single-valued function the demand for founding infrastructures is extremely increasing. Currently, the presidential term is enforcing the development curriculum. National scotch eitherow for be heart and soul if the plan is f totallying behind. This symbolizes that it is heavy to recognise the fortunes that endanger the plan. A smokestack of bud get off was spent on investment in the structure industry. The exertion of attempt anxiety exit entrust in fetching moderate, regulated, and propel termination done be informed roughly the surroundings contempt the complication and deviates in the mental synthesis industries.1.2 Problem Statement astute the environs and be capable in decision making in a pr ompt and correct manner is the key to success in managing todays scrap and happen imminent. In case of non recognise twain inborn and external jeopardys actor of the take c be, the omnibusial decision-making error go a path labour place. Moreover, it exit ca number problems in clipping and cost sagaciousness forecasting. by dint of jeopardize heed, it abide point the assay generating incidentor and avow or call for such(prenominal) essay factors through analyzing and choosing the worthy action.As one of the subfields in the nine knowledge ara of device concern, try forethought is politic being paid less attention in Malaysia. In precise few organisations, employers or asseverators depose be seen who defy a square-toed insight into gamble counseling. thither are no some(a)(prenominal) hard-nosed guidelines to be properly implemented for try management in this industry. Further more than, as a result of lack of binding regulations, topical r egulations basin non crash clay structure discipline leaveies to to a depresseder placetake insecurity management.So, by adopting scientific approach to luck management, introducing its dish and examplefaceually its compliance with existing realities in development plans, in take upicular in go steady are a destiny.The hump of fortune management was for the head startly time raised in mid-1990s in the United States. Laws and regulations for applying endangerment management in visits pee-pee now been adopted. Since assay management is a innovative field, except for some(prenominal) seminars and universities research view, applied research has non interpreted place in assay management in Malaysia.1.3 search Questionsi. What gentle of guesss issue forths in the twisting flips and what are their factors?ii. What are the strategies that been applied in traffic with take a chance?1.4 Research Objectivesi. To identify essay factors in bend industry. ii. To identify strategies of risk management applied in whirl industry.1.5 stove of dissectThis research is focuses on the execution of risk management in the Malaysia expression industry. in that respectfore, the back flat coat signal of this hit the books is only limited in Pahang where respondents obtain been elect randomly out of this area.Moreover, the respondents comprised of contractors registering in Grade 7. The sagacitys for being such is that the assortment of the grade of contractors reflect, to a great extent, the size of pop out that being penalize in the comp either and the size of the company. Grade 7 of contractors is regarded as salient companies with large-size foresees. Depending on their size of enter and their company, the risk that they encounter exit differ. As a result of this, to pull ahead trusted the selective in orderion obtained could be reliable, its inevitable to limit the respondents based on the size of redact and company.1.6 judge FindingsThis research get out achieve some precious advantages. First is to upgrade the brain of contrary key personnel of project resulting in lay outing the project reliably while considering issues homogeneous risk management in planetary management project. To accomplish this, its subjective to implement theoretical concepts mentioned in legion(predicate) literary workss in reality. This buns reassure a well project management through attempting to prevent from normal issues in projects like deplorable flavor of products, cost overrun, and delays.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Introduction adventure testament bring burden on the project cost, time, and scope. This chapter subvents the crook project risks. all(prenominal) the risks bequeath be recognised and categories into a number of group. Then, the current skip in risk management researches would be considered. In rescript to match the first accusatory, denomination and classification the stra tegies used by the project manager used to avoid the risk in their project. The second objective volition be fulfilling through denomination and classification of risk factor in organic structure structure projects.2.2 Definitions2.2.1 jeopardize put on the line is an uncertain event or direct that, if it occurs, it dirty dog bring a positive or negative force play on a project objective (PMBOOK, 2000). fortune likewise faeces be be as an uncertain event or baffle of circumstances if it occur, it exit give effect on the effect of the projects objectives (APM, 1997). This comment is widely use and gather welcoming upside and un commanded downside effects. This definition works in theory but fails in practice. In this aim, the effect of risk in saying project is through the expression of interconnected manner, namely size of consequences and probabilities of happening have been measured. In the building project, on that point is a potty of risk in every cast . This is the norm of any project non only in crook project. structure firms want to have projects at worldwide aim. In every turn project, risks are present. happens in world-wide gimmick projects are more slender as compared to domestic projects in particular when developing countries are convolute. That is the reason risk is enviable for international edifice firms who want to do expression projects in alien country, to identify the risks as early as achievable, so that suitable strategies can be do for the penetration in to the foreign social system commercialise and to manage these risks before the actual doing of projects on international take aim. find consequences in eddy projects may reach an undesirable level because of in enough resources and lack of advancements in technologies, at that placefore a thorough sense and acknowledgement of risks is essential to prepare suitable strategies. International construction projects have legion(predicat e) risks conglomerate due to the nature of their structure. There are more parties involved and more phases are present in international construction projects than a conventional construction project. Each ships company has its different objectives. This leaving in the objectives of parties atomic number 82s to conflict of interest which is a root cause of risks in international construction projects.2.2.2 Risk FactorConstruction project is revision integrity into break up phases. At the end of each phase, appraisal can be found and sagaciousness of risk involved in effect with the project. The management of risk therefore a breed oblige out and should span all the phases of the project. Since project risks are dynamic, a risk assessment essential be carried out at the end of each phase prior to proceeding to the near phase. In fact, active management of risk must continue mingled with the review rouses until the project is complete. Risk can also change during a ph ase. The result is a complete re-appraisal may need to be performed. There is a generic acknowledgement that human factors are the most all- outstanding(prenominal) element that extend tos the project success. harmonize to (Lynch, 2002), human factors bring affect to project success. A series of errors by a steel contractor lead to a near miss at Canary sorrel when a dickens-tonne pre-cast staircase put down from a crane and landed on the ground metres from a crowded side office. It was reported that the stairs fell when the left(p) side eyebolt lifting pin of the staircase lifting gear came free. The load was polish off to the right hand bolt, causing it ti shear. The report confirmed that the eyebolt was non properly inserted. strong-minded testing agency Lloyds British examined key parts of the lifting equipment and concludes that the equipment would be adapted had it been assembled correctly. Shortfalls in the firms arrangement at the site were criticised. No risk as sessment or method statement had been authorizen up proper(postnominal)ally for the lifting subroutine and key decision were left to operators who were not trained to use eyebolt. each these shortcomings fall in sphere of human factors as defined earlier.2.2.2 Risk ManagementRisk management is widely use by the companies or organizations to ensure the control of risk in the dividing line sector cognitive operation. In this research, the simplest potential approach to describe the risk management transition is elect due to the context of the construction sector. smash to (Norman, 1993) risk management is a formation use to identify and quantify all risk to a business or project that is exposed so that conscious decision can be taken on the fashion to manage the risk. Risk management also been mention in the PMBOOK as one of the nine areas of project management and has been illustrated as the physical process concerned with conducting risk management planning, identificati on, analysis, solvents, and monitor, and control on a project.2.2.3 Fundamentals of Risk ManagementThere are a sell of risks in the construction projects, and there is no stock method that can explain well-nigh the risk management. accord to (Telford, 1998) risk in construction industry is the existence of real or possible chances or dangers touch projects objective while commissioning or run the project. consort to (J. Walewski, 2002) , risks can be categories into two parts. The first part is excellent risk when there is the possibility of financial gain. The second part is questioning risk that includes the possibility of both gains and losses.2.3 Risk Management unconscious process fox Risk Management involves procedure considering executing risk management planning, identification, analysis, response and monitoring, and control on a project. This procedure can modify the legal age of the project. invent risk management aims to enhance the possibility and effect o f positive event, and reduce the possibility and effect of negative incident to the project. According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOOK, A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 2004), the Project Risk Management Process2.3.1 Risk namingRisk identification has two types which are prescriptive and creative. These two types of risk identification has their own function but they must be give carefully handled in order to make sure the process of identifying risk is sparing.The result in the utilization of checklists of standard risk distinguished to appear in a special context when there is an attempt to modify the risk identification. til now though checklist is fast to make, but it is inclines to prepare the anticipations of the engaged, and the identification of risks sacking beyond the ingest summarized in the list. The result of using the checklist method can be proud, but if they are to have a function, it suggest that they let on well-kept for examining the identification process, and make sure there is no long-familiar issues have been skipped or ignored.Brainstorming is an separate method that being crack in a group and it is the favoured method. This is a little more contest for the participants compared to checklist method but the brainstorming seems more efficient. Brainstorming address the identification process to gain inspiration from the wide depicted object of the participants, due to diminish the risk that is poor consideration bequeath be precondition to peeled and more emergent issues, as can occur with the checklist method.2.3.3 Risk epitomeThe risk analysis is implement in each risk as conditional relation rating structure that is considering any existent factors that might be occur which will function to check the risk. The risk analysis can be implementing with qualitative allude and likelihood racing shell and a ground substance clearing the import of different composition of the ri sk. When risks are complicated by themselves that possibly includes various related impacts and events, some types of modelling might be essential.The implication of a risk is connected to a well explained event that will be a composition of the impact and likelihood of the risks. The significance of an timid quantity will be a function of its terce type of value which are the maximum, minimum, and most likely values.2.3.4 Risk ratingRisk can be occurring in any situation. When there are just a lot of risks at the work, the military rating phase may be proportionately simple and easy. On the former(a) hand, it is a full of life amount for obtaining an hireed view of the proportionate of the recognized risks.Risk military rating takes the essential analysis and examines the risks that occur towards the companys known preferences. Any risks which is too utmost or too low significance are adapted, with a establish of the fact being hold for the purpose of tracking.2.3.5 Ris k TreatmentRisk sermon comprises what should be through in order to give reply to recognized risks. Any plans which were thought of before the risk management process commenced are enlarged with actions that been taken to manage the risks before they occur and providing hap plans with which to get back if a risk happen.2.3.6 Monitoring and ReviewIn monitoring and review ingredient of the process, there are two levels of them. The new(prenominal) quint steps must be re primary(prenominal)ed under an examination as the time passes. Finding of intermit information may make the first evaluation out of date. It is now usually essential to start the all told process or repeat it once again when risks occurs, not until the change is particularly deep, but those parts which are immediately biasd by changing do should be updated from time to time.The second step is the monitoring of the work of the some some other five levels. The slaying of the risk management process attract s sources and should be administered in order to make sure that it is performed cost-effectively.2.3.7 dialogue and ConsultationCommunication and reference book is the key component of the risk management process and a major(ip)(ip) beneficial side effect. Risk management is success when it achieves a high level of creative input and involving all parties with a usage to play in achieving a successful outcome for the project or business process being addressed. In both the planning and execution phase in the risk management process, it is prominent to make sure all those individuals who need to be involved are given adequate opportunity to do so and are kept informed of developments in the reason of risks and the measurement taken to deal with them.2.4 Tools and Techniques for Risk Response provisoIn every project, the risks can raise when there are a lot of phases and tasks to be done in such a way that the least consideration is delivered to chief(prenominal) issues of the project. According to (Bajaj, 2000), individual members of the project are usually focus only on the role that they have in the project risks and voluntarily or involuntarily try to pass these risks on to other project members. This center they do not want to take the business to handle the risk by themselves. The crucial part of risk management is mitigating risk by minimize their effects. A systematic risk management strategy which is lean properly shall decrease the adverse effects. Risk moderateness that been properly planned and well managed is a replacement of uncertain and mercurial events with a more predictable or controlled response ( (Chapman, 2002).A proper risk mitigation strategy is very important in order to reduce the likelihood of happening or possible square up and doubtfulness of a risk event. There are four types of risk management strategy which arei. Risk avoidance which when a risk is not accepted and other lower risk choices are for sale from several a lternativesii. Risk acceptance which when a conscious decision is made to accept the outcomes the event should occuriii. Risk control which when a process of consecutive monitoring and improving the situation on the project is used. This process includes the development of a risk reduction plan and then pursue the plan. This agency that mitigation strategy is the most super C risk management and discourse techniqueiv. Risk transfer which when the risk is shared with others. sacramental manduction the risk with others involve contractual shifting, performance encouragement, insurance, warranties, bonds, and so on.2.5 Classification of Risks in ConstructionThe first stage in risk management is risk identification. Risk identification is recognising any risks that can be occur in the construction projects. Risk classification is one of the part in risk identification which is the trying to manage different risks that can give impact and influence a construction project. According to (Chapman, 2001), risk has four subcategories which are project, industry, client, and environment. From the other related literature, out of 58 risks recognized connected to construction articulate ventures, (Shen, 2001) categorised them in 6 groups check to risks nature like financial, economy, technical, politic, and management. As a result, there are a lot of methods that can be use to categorizing risks that can affect to construction projects.According to other field of honor by (Kalayjian, 2000), in the Third World of Construction classified advertisement that some of the most fight downative kinds of risks that are commonly use in todays orbicular construction area arei. Financial Risk is the economic feasibleness in a project that relies on its capital organizing and capacity to draw dependable resources of financing at logical terms. Risks contain the owners situation of getting enough budgets, deposit payment, receive tax incentives, and expect derangement of silver exchange rates.ii. Design and Construction Risk which is in the construction project itself. To be success in construction projects, the managerial teams must have a queen decision making. Risks that must be take care are an effective team selection process, obtaining permits and third party concord in timely fashion, procurement of adequate labour, materials and equipment, monitoring all changes in project scope, quality control assurance, and ensuring overall compliance with contractual obligations.iii. withstand and Environmental Risk is about the mother nature situation. In construction sites, there is vulnerable change in the weather and indispensable calamity like earthquakes, monsoons, and flood. Other risk can be bring down the other dangerous wastes and severe environmental legislation.iv. Economic and political risk is a risk which also can affect the construction project. The performance of economic in a country and political st capacity has a pregnant effe ct in construction activity and investment. Prominent risks live of financial policy and governmental monetary responsibility, resources availability, development of infrastructures, internal stability, changes in managerial schedule, and political management.On the other research done by (Hassanein, 2007), there are several risk that has been identified which arei. financial risks the checklist mentioned about some financial risks which are related to the projects in this study.ii. expert risks the checklist try allowances for similar standards and codes. This is because the two projects studied were tendered internationally which causes contractors from different countries.iii. Risk related to change the checklist addressed certain provisions concerning the simultaneous increase of jut out and construction phases on the two fast track project under study.iv. Consortium risk in some contracts, contractors are request to make partnership including foreign and local contractors as a necessity of tendering qualification.v. owner obligation risks the checklist embraced factors which should be declared in the contract to clarify owners responsibilities and to guarantee these responsibilities would be come up with on time. These include an limpid interlingual rendition of these responsibilities, time frame for their execution and declaration of amendments if these responsibilities are not executed shall be contained in the contracts.vi. Risks regarding interface with other contractors the checklist included specialized items to assuage risks related to interfaces with other contractors.vii. Risks regarding interface with other contractors the checklist included specific items to abate risks related to interfaces with other contractors.According to (Tang, 2007), the most important risks in project are poor quality of work, premature failure of the facility, safety, financial, and ill-judged architectural plan risk.2.7 Barriers of Implementation of Risk ManagementAccording to (Liu, 2007), the most supreme risk in the construction industry is the unsupportive culture indoors the industry. As a result, the lack of advancement and pay off is the general disinclination for implementation of risk management in the Chinas construction industry. Lack of proficiency and see causes contractors to be unable to identify the significance and advantages of risk management. To correct the low understanding towards risk is through changing the culture of enterprise. This is because it is essential for Chinese contractors to agree with the risk managements concept as well as execute risk management techniques. The professionals behaviour seems the most significant issue affecting the improvement of risk management in the Chinese construction industry. organisational schooling scrams the critical element of an incorporated risk management procedure which being the learning structure formed to assist Chinese contractors in developing their performance and knowledge towards risk management. In fact, to change the modern knowledge to their own knowledge using organizational learning seems become the critical issue for Chinese contractors in order to develop their ambitious.According to (Baloi, 2003), it appears that professionals have not completely understood the value of risk management. This is because there are advances in the methods of risk management and availability of the awful body of knowledge of risk management. The professionals recognised language, implementation costs, and educational barriers and a misgiving of change to be the principal barriers of the efficient conformance.According to (Hlaing, 2008), capital of Singapore construction contractors on construction risk identification asserted that the reason that preventing the implementation of risk management process is money but it is not the major constraint for implementing risk management plan for the companies but the most important risk in t he list is lack of time. This is same as stated by (Lyons, 2004), identified that time constraint is a main restriction. The activities of construction industry are really related to time when the fictionalisation of the construction is basically used just-in-time for the manufacture need of customer.2.8 Risk appellation MethodsIn order to be successful in project management, it requires the ability to predict the risks that affecting the project scope, time, and cost. However, there are a lot of researches about risk identification, risk assessment, and management for executed facilities is focusing on types of projects or categories of risks aspects. It is related to the literature from (Howell, 2001) about the political risks that exist.Now a day, the construction industry still cannot identify the risks that occur in the project activities. According to (Walewski, 2002), the worth of systematic risk management of activities on project has not been identified. This is because th e lack of common vision about risk and the parties that involved in construction industry such as owners, designers, investors, and contractors have different objectives and the family relationship among them are prevalent contradict. All of the project parties not systematically make their efforts at organizing risk analysis management among themselves and this particularly correct amidst contractors and owners.(Fang, 2004) show a model for risk assessment. The model use for tendering project in Chinese building project based on assessment and identification of critical risks in the Chinese construction industry. As a result, the projects risk could be evaluated by analyzing the issues such as the contest for tendering and reasonableness of bid price, lack of cooperation between contractors and the owner.In other study done by (Hassanein, 2007), the marked lack of consistency in the contractors risk identification effort been identified as the risk in the power topographic poi nt projects on Egypt. The contractors who have more experience in Egypt were better to identify the relevant risk. Vice versa, the local Egyptian contractors who have gigantic experience in Egypt but limited project management experience were not really expert to properly identify risks and to take the bewitch exceptions. In fact, the bidders do not include in their proposals on their accredited lists of exceptions which represent genuine risks to them.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter will cover how the research will conduct to achieve the objectives of this study. The methodology that will be use are questionnaire keep abreast among the Pahang construction professionals, and preliminary interviews with experts will carry out. The steps are as follows3.2 Data Collection3.2.1 converse interview is the effective procedure of information collection because the actuality of condition could be sensed specifically and comprehensively while conducting the i nterview. For the purpose of this study, as the scope of this study is limited to Pahang, the interview sessions will conduct through two main ways which are telephone interview as well as email interview through the internet.3.2.2 QuestionnaireQuestionnaire survey is one of the others way of information collection carry out among selected construction practitioners involve in construction projects. This specialist will working in contractor construction companies.The questionnaire will be identified from interview with construction practitioners and through literature review. The survey questionnaire will administer through e-mail and fax, and postal questionnaire, and second through the distribution to selected contractors which are project managers, managing directors, chairman, and head of technical departments direct in the Pahang construction industry.3.3 Data AnalysisAll returned questionnaire will be check from completeness and suitability for use in statistical analysis. Next, all the data accumulate from the questionnaire will be analyse with the assistance of statistical software system program called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). After putting the data in SPSS software program, some statistical method will be apply to the data through relative frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and single sample T-test. After putting questionnaire data into SPSS, some statistical method will be applied to the using frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and correlation test.3.4 measuring stick nigh of the question will applied using five point of Likert scale, and other question will applied with multiple choice. The most common scale that will be use is 1 to 5. There are trinity sections in the questionnaire.Section A will cover about the level of risk in construction project. Participant will be given three choices of answer which is low, medium, and high to scale the risk level according to their p erspective.In section B, the typical Likert scale take the adjacent formatRisk levelRareUnlikelyPossible in all probability almost certainScore12345Table 3.1 Risk factorsIn section C, the respondent will be asked to choose the scale between 1 to 5. The scale 1 shows a condition which the probability of strategies been use is minor where scale 5 means the maximum probability of risk strategies usage.StrategiesNot important belittled importantAverageImportantVery importantScore12345Strategies for Risk Management in ConstructionStrategies for Risk Management in Construction1.1 IntroductionRisk management is one of the subfields on nine knowledge area in project management. Risk management is about managing uncertainty that inherent in most projects that require formal project management, using uncertainty in the plain English lack of certainty sense.Risk management also refer to a series of processes which are required for the identification, analysis, and reaction towards the project s risk in order to maximize the effects of positive uncertainty even and minimize the consequences of negative uncertainty even.Risk management also been organise in developed countries. This due to the risk management is better applied in the developed countries. Comparing with other countries with various situations, Malaysia is a developing country which the politic, economy, social and technology have mad specific risks especially related. Unfortunately, in Malaysia, the management of risk is not so systematic and requires more research and development.Malaysia seems to be developing countries because the demand for founding infrastructures is highly increasing. Currently, the government is enforcing the development plan. National economic will be burden if the plan is falling behind. This means that it is important to recognise the risks that endanger the plan. A lot of budget was spent on investment in the construction industry. The application of risk management will result i n taking correct, regulated, and prompt decision through being informed about the environment despite the complication and changes in the construction industries.1.2 Problem StatementKnowing the environment and be capable in decision making in a prompt and correct manner is the key to success in managing todays challenge and risk imminent. In case of not recognise both internal and external risks factor of the project, the managerial decision-making error will take place. Moreover, it will cause problems in time and cost assessment forecasting. Through risk management, it can identify the risk generating factor and control or remove such risk factors through analyzing and choosing the suitable action.As one of the subfields in the nine knowledge area of project management, risk management is still being paid less attention in Malaysia. In very few organisations, employers or contractors can be seen who have a proper insight into risk management. There are no any practical guidelines to be properly implemented for risk management in this industry. Furthermore, as a result of lack of binding regulations, current regulations cannot force construction parties to undertake risk management.So, by adopting scientific approach to risk management, introducing its process and eventually its compliance with existing realities in development plans, particularly in project are a necessity.The issue of risk management was for the first time raised in mid-1990s in the United States. Laws and regulations for applying risk management in projects have now been adopted. Since risk management is a new field, except for several seminars and universities research project, applied research has not taken place in risk management in Malaysia.1.3 Research Questionsi. What kind of risks occurs in the construction projects and what are their factors?ii. What are the strategies that been applied in dealing with risk?1.4 Research Objectivesi. To identify risk factors in construction indust ry.ii. To identify strategies of risk management applied in construction industry.1.5 Scope of StudyThis research is focuses on the implementation of risk management in the Malaysia construction industry. Therefore, the scope of this study is only limited in Pahang where respondents have been chosen randomly out of this area.Moreover, the respondents comprised of contractors registering in Grade 7. The reasons for being such is that the categorization of the grade of contractors reflect, to a great extent, the size of project that being executed in the company and the size of the company. Grade 7 of contractors is regarded as big companies with large-size projects. Depending on their size of project and their company, the risk that they encounter will differ. As a result of this, to make sure the data obtained could be reliable, its necessary to limit the respondents based on the size of project and company.1.6 Expected FindingsThis research will achieve some precious advantages. Fi rst is to enhance the consciousness of different key personnel of project resulting in performing the project reliably while considering issues like risk management in general management project. To accomplish this, its essential to implement theoretical concepts mentioned in numerous literatures in reality. This can guarantee a well project management through attempting to prevent from normal issues in projects like poor quality of products, cost overrun, and delays.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionRisk will bring effect on the project cost, time, and scope. This chapter covers the construction project risks. All the risks will be recognised and categories into a number of group. Then, the current trend in risk management researches would be considered. In order to meet the first objective, identification and classification the strategies used by the project manager used to avoid the risk in their project. The second objective will be fulfilling through identification and classification of risk factor in construction projects.2.2 Definitions2.2.1 RiskRisk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, it can bring a positive or negative effect on a project objective (PMBOOK, 2000). Risk also can be defined as an uncertain event or set of circumstances if it occur, it will give effect on the achievement of the projects objectives (APM, 1997). This definition is widely use and gather welcoming upside and unwelcome downside effects. This definition works in theory but fails in practice. In this study, the effect of risk in construction project is through the way of integrated method, namely size of consequences and probabilities of happening have been measured. In the construction project, there is a lot of risk in every phase. This is the norm of any project not only in construction project. Construction firms want to have projects at international level. In every construction project, risks are present. Risks in international construction proj ects are more critical as compared to domestic projects especially when developing countries are involved. That is the reason risk is desirable for international construction firms who want to do construction projects in foreign country, to identify the risks as early as possible, so that suitable strategies can be made for the penetration in to the foreign construction market and to manage these risks before the actual execution of projects on international level. Risk consequences in construction projects may reach an undesirable level because of inadequate resources and lack of advancements in technologies, therefore a thorough awareness and identification of risks is essential to prepare suitable strategies. International construction projects have many risks involved due to the nature of their structure. There are more parties involved and more phases are present in international construction projects than a conventional construction project. Each party has its different object ives. This difference in the objectives of parties leads to conflict of interest which is a root cause of risks in international construction projects.2.2.2 Risk FactorConstruction project is divided into separate phases. At the end of each phase, appraisal can be made and assessment of risk involved in proceeding with the project. The management of risk therefore a continue process and should span all the phases of the project. Since project risks are dynamic, a risk assessment must be carried out at the end of each phase prior to proceeding to the next phase. In fact, active management of risk must continue between the review points until the project is complete. Risk can also change during a phase. The result is a complete re-appraisal may need to be performed. There is a generic acknowledgement that human factors are the most important element that affects the project success. According to (Lynch, 2002), human factors bring affect to project success. A series of errors by a stee l contractor lead to a near miss at Canary Wharf when a two-tonne pre-cast staircase fell from a crane and landed on the ground metres from a crowded side office. It was reported that the stairs fell when the left side eyebolt lifting pin of the staircase lifting gear came free. The load was transfer to the right-hand bolt, causing it ti shear. The report confirmed that the eyebolt was not correctly inserted. Independent testing agency Lloyds British examined key parts of the lifting equipment and concludes that the equipment would be sufficient had it been assembled correctly. Shortfalls in the firms arrangement at the site were criticised. No risk assessment or method statement had been drawn up specifically for the lifting operation and key decision were left to operators who were not trained to use eyebolt. All these shortcomings fall in sphere of human factors as defined earlier.2.2.2 Risk ManagementRisk management is widely use by the companies or organizations to ensure the c ontrol of risk in the business process. In this research, the simplest possible approach to describe the risk management process is chosen due to the context of the construction sector.According to (Norman, 1993) risk management is a system use to identify and quantify all risk to a business or project that is exposed so that conscious decision can be taken on the way to manage the risk. Risk management also been mention in the PMBOOK as one of the nine areas of project management and has been illustrated as the process concerned with conducting risk management planning, identification, analysis, responses, and monitoring, and control on a project.2.2.3 Fundamentals of Risk ManagementThere are a lot of risks in the construction projects, and there is no standard method that can explain about the risk management. According to (Telford, 1998) risk in construction industry is the existence of real or possible chances or dangers affecting projects objective while commissioning or operat ing the project. According to (J. Walewski, 2002) , risks can be categories into two parts. The first part is pure risk when there is the possibility of financial gain. The second part is speculative risk that includes the possibility of both gains and losses.2.3 Risk Management ProcessProject Risk Management involves procedure considering executing risk management planning, identification, analysis, response and monitoring, and control on a project. This procedure can update the majority of the project. Project risk management aims to enhance the possibility and effect of positive event, and reduce the possibility and effect of negative incident to the project. According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOOK, A guide to the project management body of knowledge, 2004), the Project Risk Management Process2.3.1 Risk IdentificationRisk identification has two types which are prescriptive and creative. These two types of risk identification has their own function but they must be cautiously handled in order to make sure the process of identifying risk is economic.The result in the utilization of checklists of standard risk distinguished to appear in a special context when there is an attempt to modify the risk identification. Even though checklist is fast to make, but it is inclines to prepare the anticipations of the engaged, and the identification of risks going beyond the experience summarized in the list. The result of using the checklist method can be high, but if they are to have a function, it suggest that they better retained for examining the identification process, and make sure there is no familiar issues have been skipped or ignored.Brainstorming is another method that being hold in a group and it is the favoured method. This is a little more challenging for the participants compared to checklist method but the brainstorming seems more efficient. Brainstorming predict the identification process to gain inspiration from the wide capacity o f the participants, due to decreasing the risk that is inadequate consideration will be given to new and more emergent issues, as can occur with the checklist method.2.3.3 Risk AnalysisThe risk analysis is implement in each risk as significance rating structure that is considering any existent factors that might be occur which will function to check the risk. The risk analysis can be implementing with qualitative impact and likelihood scale and a matrix elucidate the significance of different composition of the risk. When risks are complicated by themselves that possibly includes various related impacts and events, some types of modelling might be essential.The significance of a risk is connected to a well explained event that will be a composition of the impact and likelihood of the risks. The significance of an unsure quantity will be a function of its three type of value which are the maximum, minimum, and most likely values.2.3.4 Risk EvaluationRisk can be occurring in any situ ation. When there are just a lot of risks at the work, the evaluation phase may be proportionately simple and easy. On the other hand, it is a critical step for obtaining an accepted view of the proportionate of the recognized risks.Risk evaluation takes the primary analysis and examines the risks that occur towards the companys known preferences. Any risks which is too high or too low significance are adapted, with a record of the fact being hold for the purpose of tracking.2.3.5 Risk TreatmentRisk treatment comprises what should be done in order to give reaction to recognized risks. Any plans which were thought of before the risk management process commenced are enlarged with actions that been taken to manage the risks before they occur and providing contingency plans with which to get back if a risk happen.2.3.6 Monitoring and ReviewIn monitoring and review ingredient of the process, there are two levels of them. The other five steps must be remained under an examination as the t ime passes. Finding of better information may make the first evaluation out of date. It is now usually essential to start the whole process or repeat it once again when risks occurs, not until the change is especially deep, but those parts which are immediately influenced by changing occasions should be updated from time to time.The second step is the monitoring of the performance of the other five levels. The implementation of the risk management process attracts sources and should be administered in order to make sure that it is performed cost-effectively.2.3.7 Communication and ConsultationCommunication and consultation is the key component of the risk management process and a major beneficial side effect. Risk management is success when it achieves a high level of creative input and involving all parties with a role to play in achieving a successful outcome for the project or business process being addressed. In both the planning and execution phase in the risk management proces s, it is prominent to make sure all those individuals who need to be involved are given adequate opportunity to do so and are kept informed of developments in the understanding of risks and the measurement taken to deal with them.2.4 Tools and Techniques for Risk Response PlanningIn every project, the risks can raise when there are a lot of phases and tasks to be done in such a way that the least consideration is delivered to main issues of the project. According to (Bajaj, 2000), individual members of the project are usually focus only on the role that they have in the project risks and voluntarily or involuntarily try to pass these risks on to other project members. This means they do not want to take the responsibility to handle the risk by themselves. The crucial part of risk management is mitigating risk by minimize their effects. A systematic risk management strategy which is executed properly shall decrease the adverse effects. Risk mitigation that been properly planned and w ell managed is a replacement of uncertain and volatile events with a more predictable or controlled response ( (Chapman, 2002).A proper risk mitigation strategy is very important in order to reduce the likelihood of happening or possible influence and doubtfulness of a risk event. There are four types of risk management strategy which arei. Risk avoidance which when a risk is not accepted and other lower risk choices are available from several alternativesii. Risk acceptance which when a conscious decision is made to accept the outcomes the event should occuriii. Risk control which when a process of sequentially monitoring and improving the situation on the project is used. This process includes the development of a risk reduction plan and then pursuing the plan. This means that mitigation strategy is the most common risk management and handling techniqueiv. Risk transfer which when the risk is shared with others. Sharing the risk with others involve contractual shifting, performanc e encouragement, insurance, warranties, bonds, and so on.2.5 Classification of Risks in ConstructionThe first stage in risk management is risk identification. Risk identification is recognising any risks that can be occur in the construction projects. Risk classification is one of the part in risk identification which is the trying to manage different risks that can give impact and influence a construction project. According to (Chapman, 2001), risk has four subcategories which are project, industry, client, and environment. From the other related literature, out of 58 risks recognized connected to construction joint ventures, (Shen, 2001) categorised them in 6 groups according to risks nature like financial, economy, technical, politic, and management. As a result, there are a lot of methods that can be use to categorizing risks that can affect to construction projects.According to other study by (Kalayjian, 2000), in the Third World of Construction classified that some of the most representative kinds of risks that are commonly use in todays global construction area arei. Financial Risk is the economic feasibility in a project that relies on its capital organizing and capacity to draw dependable resources of financing at logical terms. Risks contain the owners power of acquiring enough budgets, deposit payment, receive tax incentives, and expect instability of currency exchange rates.ii. Design and Construction Risk which is in the construction project itself. To be success in construction projects, the managerial teams must have a power decision making. Risks that must be take care are an effective team selection process, obtaining permits and third party concurrence in timely fashion, procurement of adequate labour, materials and equipment, monitoring all changes in project scope, quality control assurance, and ensuring overall compliance with contractual obligations.iii. Weather and Environmental Risk is about the mother nature situation. In construction sites, there is vulnerable change in the weather and natural disaster like earthquakes, monsoons, and flood. Other risk can be reducing the other dangerous wastes and severe environmental legislation.iv. Economic and political risk is a risk which also can affect the construction project. The performance of economic in a country and political stability has a significant effect in construction activity and investment. Prominent risks consist of financial policy and governmental monetary responsibility, resources availability, development of infrastructures, internal stability, changes in managerial schedule, and political management.On the other research done by (Hassanein, 2007), there are several risk that has been identified which arei. financial risks the checklist mentioned about some financial risks which are related to the projects in this study.ii. Technical risks the checklist show allowances for similar standards and codes. This is because the two projects studied were tend ered internationally which causes contractors from different countries.iii. Risk related to change the checklist addressed certain provisions concerning the simultaneous progress of design and construction phases on the two fast track project under study.iv. Consortium risk in some contracts, contractors are requested to make partnership including foreign and local contractors as a necessity of tendering qualification.v. Owner obligation risks the checklist embraced factors which should be stated in the contract to clarify owners responsibilities and to guarantee these responsibilities would be come up with on time. These include an obvious interpretation of these responsibilities, time frame for their execution and declaration of amendments if these responsibilities are not executed shall be contained in the contracts.vi. Risks regarding interface with other contractors the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors.vii. Risks r egarding interface with other contractors the checklist included specific items to mitigate risks related to interfaces with other contractors.According to (Tang, 2007), the most important risks in project are poor quality of work, premature failure of the facility, safety, financial, and incorrect design risk.2.7 Barriers of Implementation of Risk ManagementAccording to (Liu, 2007), the most dominant risk in the construction industry is the unsupportive culture within the industry. As a result, the lack of proficiency and experience is the general reluctance for implementation of risk management in the Chinas construction industry. Lack of proficiency and experience causes contractors to be unable to identify the significance and advantages of risk management. To improve the low understanding towards risk is through changing the culture of enterprise. This is because it is essential for Chinese contractors to agree with the risk managements concept as well as execute risk managemen t techniques. The professionals behaviour seems the most significant issue affecting the improvement of risk management in the Chinese construction industry. Organizational learning becomes the critical element of an incorporated risk management procedure which being the learning structure formed to assist Chinese contractors in developing their performance and knowledge towards risk management. In fact, to transform the modern knowledge to their own knowledge using organizational learning seems become the critical issue for Chinese contractors in order to develop their ambitious.According to (Baloi, 2003), it appears that professionals have not completely understood the value of risk management. This is because there are advances in the methods of risk management and availability of the enormous body of knowledge of risk management. The professionals recognised language, implementation costs, and educational barriers and a fear of change to be the principal barriers of the efficien t conformance.According to (Hlaing, 2008), Singapore construction contractors on construction risk identification asserted that the reason that preventing the implementation of risk management process is money but it is not the major constraint for implementing risk management program for the companies but the most important risk in the list is lack of time. This is same as stated by (Lyons, 2004), identified that time constraint is a main restriction. The activities of construction industry are really related to time when the manufacture of the construction is basically used just-in-time for the manufacture need of customer.2.8 Risk Identification MethodsIn order to be successful in project management, it requires the ability to predict the risks that affecting the project scope, time, and cost. However, there are a lot of researches about risk identification, risk assessment, and management for executed facilities is focusing on types of projects or categories of risks aspects. It is related to the literature from (Howell, 2001) about the political risks that exist.Now a day, the construction industry still cannot identify the risks that occur in the project activities. According to (Walewski, 2002), the worth of systematic risk management of activities on project has not been identified. This is because the lack of common vision about risk and the parties that involved in construction industry such as owners, designers, investors, and contractors have different objectives and the relationship among them are prevalent contradict. All of the project parties not systematically make their efforts at organizing risk analysis management among themselves and this particularly correct between contractors and owners.(Fang, 2004) show a model for risk assessment. The model use for tendering project in Chinese building project based on assessment and identification of critical risks in the Chinese construction industry. As a result, the projects risk could be evaluate d by analyzing the issues such as the competition for tendering and reasonableness of bid price, lack of cooperation between contractors and the owner.In other study done by (Hassanein, 2007), the marked lack of consistency in the contractors risk identification effort been identified as the risk in the power station projects on Egypt. The contractors who have more experience in Egypt were better to identify the relevant risk. Vice versa, the local Egyptian contractors who have vast experience in Egypt but limited project management experience were not really expert to properly identify risks and to take the appropriate exceptions. In fact, the bidders do not include in their proposals on their true lists of exceptions which represent genuine risks to them.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThis chapter will cover how the research will conduct to achieve the objectives of this study. The methodology that will be use are questionnaire survey among the Pahang construction pr ofessionals, and preliminary interviews with experts will carry out. The steps are as follows3.2 Data Collection3.2.1 InterviewInterview is the effective procedure of data collection because the actuality of condition could be perceived specifically and comprehensively while conducting the interview. For the purpose of this study, as the scope of this study is limited to Pahang, the interview sessions will conduct through two main ways which are telephone interview as well as email interview through the internet.3.2.2 QuestionnaireQuestionnaire survey is one of the others way of data collection carry out among selected construction practitioners involve in construction projects. This specialist will working in contractor construction companies.The questionnaire will be identified from interview with construction practitioners and through literature review. The survey questionnaire will administer through e-mail and fax, and postal questionnaire, and secondly through the distribution to selected contractors which are project managers, managing directors, chairman, and head of technical departments operating in the Pahang construction industry.3.3 Data AnalysisAll returned questionnaire will be check from completeness and suitability for use in statistical analysis. Next, all the data collected from the questionnaire will be analyse with the assistance of statistical software program called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). After putting the data in SPSS software program, some statistical method will be apply to the data through frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and single sample T-test. After putting questionnaire data into SPSS, some statistical method will be applied to the using frequency analysis and mean index, risk analysis matrix, and correlation test.3.4 MeasurementMost of the question will applied using five point of Likert scale, and other question will applied with multiple choice. The most common scale that will b e use is 1 to 5. There are three sections in the questionnaire.Section A will cover about the level of risk in construction project. Participant will be given three choices of answer which is low, medium, and high to scale the risk level according to their perspective.In section B, the typical Likert scale take the following formatRisk levelRareUnlikelyPossibleLikelyAlmost certainScore12345Table 3.1 Risk factorsIn section C, the respondent will be asked to choose the scale between 1 to 5. The scale 1 shows a condition which the probability of strategies been use is minor where scale 5 means the maximum probability of risk strategies usage.StrategiesNot importantLittle importantAverageImportantVery importantScore12345

Reflection on Situated Knowledge Map

Reflection on Situated Knowlight-emitting diodege routineFor the Situated Knowledge Map, I created five pins titled Hairy Legs, ask On The surmount, Talk To Your Sister, doddering Feminist, and No under the pseudonym BS. These pins rivet on ashes image, fatphobia, the womens liberationist killjoy, and racialism. In this reflection, I will dissect how these moments in my life changed my perspective then reflect on the governing body and other posts I pack while placing my own pins. While I anchor the assignment pretty difficult due to the nature of the content, I take the analysis ca intent by the assignment is valuable and I found the system utilized simple but possibly exclusive.Hairy Legs, nail On The Scale, and Talk to Your Sister all focus on body image with the last two focusing specifically on fatphobia in our society. Hairy Legs discusses the first clipping I recognized gender cognitive process and how it affects body hair for men and women. As a 3rd grader at the time, I did not understand why my hairy legs were a riddle but the boys hairy legs were fine. Now I recognize hairlessness is a societal standard of gender performance for women. This was the first time I had a negative comment directed towards my body and the first time I pattern of my body in term of good and bad. repel On The Scale and Talk to Your Sister atomic number 18 2 events to the highest degree a decade apart that made me realize how people sue my sister and I differently due to our weights. As a little(a) girl and woman, my mother only mentioned my weight when she deald I might rent an eating disorder. However, my mother started talking about weight with my sister more than than frequently when she began to gain weight even going as outlying(prenominal) as to try to impel me to talk to me sister about losing weight. later on the events in Talk to Your Sister, I recognized it and the events of Get On The Scale as the double standards surrounding weight w omen face and the general fatphobia in our society. These events remind me of a quote from The Body Politic-Meditations on Identity by Elana Dykewomon Women in almost every society offer their daughters up to the overabundant cultural standards of beauty and multipurposeness for womenif women dont prepare their daughters to meet institutionalized male person demands, they know their daughters will suffer in life (Dykewomon 453). I believe this accurately describes what my sister and I went through in these events.The third post, Crazy Feminist, describes the beginning of how I came to understand my identity as a feminist and how grateful I am for taking that step. I had not thought of feminism or considered calling myself a feminist until I get together Women in Learning and Leadership (WILL). I had been discouraged from joining and staying in the group during my first and second year of college. First from my friends sister commenting on how it is a crazy feminist group then with my parents continued attempts to convince me to drop the group and Women and Gender Studies pocketable for a more useful math minor. It was these attempts and the influences of WILL the led me to my crazy feminist identity which has been more helpful to me and given me more skills, in my opinion, than a math minor would have as a woman in science. The final post, No, is the humbug of the day I discovered my father holds racists beliefs. I was shocked when he came to me asking me to explain to my sister that she could not date an African American boy. This event did not change my view of racism so untold as it made me realize how truly wide spread it is in my own life. It made me look more closely for subtle racism in my life as well.I found the system used for the Situated Knowledge Map simple to use overall. I believe it is significant to create online tools that are easy to navigate if the group creating the tools indispensability them to be accessible for everyone. In the a rticle Invisible feminists? Social media and new-fangled womens political participation, Julia Schuster argues that the use of social media and the internet by young feminists make believe them invisible to older feminists and the use of these tools leads to the exclusion of certain groups of feminists. This effect seems to be happening with this tool, as the clear majority of the pins I looked at were authored by apparent college students, and may be invisible to older feminist groups who are not using these forms of media. I also examined interesting perspectives from reading some(prenominal) of the pins on the map. One particular pin that made me examine my sales booth was Church a pin written from the perspective of a Methodist discussing the Catholic ceremony of Confirmation. This pin made me think about ghostlike privilege from the perspective of a child not experiencing violent unearthly percussion but subtle religious exclusion. Before reading this pin, I had never co nsidered how a child may feel excluded and othered by other childrens shared experiences from and dislike of their parents religion.I found this project to be slightly difficult for me because I had to admit, not only to myself but to possible hundreds of people, that these experiences unnatural my behavior, particularly in Hairy Legs, and that my family holds these beliefs. However, I also think it is important that I analyze these events that have clearly shaped who I am today. In regards to the system used for this project, I found it simple to use however, I am an individual who has had the privilege of growing up surrounded by this technology. People and groups who do not have this privilege may be excluded from using these tools. In addition, reading the perspective of previous posters led me to thought processes I would not have if I had not read their experiences.Work CitedDykewomon, Elana. The Body Politic-Meditations on Identity. This Bridge We Call Home-Radical Visions for Transformation. Ed. Gloria Anzalda and Anaouise Keating. unfermented York Routledge,2002. 450-457. Print.Schuster, Julia. Invisible feminists? Social media and young womens political participation. Political Science 65.1 (2013) 8-24.

The History Of The Probation Process Criminology Essay

The History Of The Probation att dismiss Criminology EssayThere is non a single idea about what constitute probation, s automobilece there argon clear indications about the idea that every last(predicate) probation practices and systems to match and aline development of place and time in footing of economic, cultural, criminal nicety and political philosophies while preserving few key elements of its origin and in more or less all cases, orientation and professional identity of probation officeholders.Across the world, probation is in a state of state of flux or a state of crisis, although to variable reasons and switching degrees in some cases. An introduction of probation and further development, criminal referee system should be developed on existing companionable complaisant system and it moldiness in any case be shop ated by change stateing to kick upstairs what is already there. It should non be taken as external etymon to internal criminal legal exp ert problems, (Hink, 1961) governance or penology, and it essential be taken as a possible frame tame into which locally feasible and desirable solutions whitethorn be fitted.For potent process of probation, there must be planned introduction of probation, as an effective, non custodial sanction and cost efficient, the following paper presents history of probation, in case of probation process, reas peerlessd pre-conditions and legislative pre-conditions should all be established or exist either in lawfulness, process or policy in professional rules of practice, Process of probation, difference among stately, informal, infringement and felony probation, and in the last it presents leading theories politics probation process and which alternatives clear improve the process of probation.Probation process and historical rootOrigins of probation potty be traced back to early English practices, and this practice in stages developed until 19th century. Several countries m ade significant contributions during 1880. Probation process began to get together acceptance in United States of America during 1870s. Essentially it developed from the source of twentieth century, while many reasons with varying degrees, throughout Europe and unification America. The process of probation has its roots from two distinct origins, civil and common law, but the historical development of probation also influenced by the development of infantile referee system positivism in ideologies of require (Blumberg,1979) outside of criminal justice system and criminology. As opposed to repression, from historical perspective evolution of probation reflects tightness between control, c ar and custody, individualism and discretion versus legalism and reintegration. From 1800s to present time, probation process officers puddle been trying in unlike ways to remake, (Hink, 1961) reform, re fond organisation and remould the lives of offenders into good, law bidding and honest citizens. After World War, II it was strides in legal age that made that led to the development of modern and complex probation military armed service structure that exist now. It was the optimistic views that exist at that time, in the efficiency of mixer work with offenders to achieve probation officers and perfectibility of man in 1960s that were part of a criminal justice system, which was moving toward the rehabilitative ideal. Method of social work, casework was utilize for rehabilitation of offenders was attempted. In the coming years, other techniques were used by probation officers, much(prenominal) as including group work, task centered work, community work, manneral contracts, family therapy, behavior modification, reality therapy, and social skills and so forth Probation service was standing at the rattling heart of penal practices and policy twenty atomic number 23 years agone from now. The emphasis was on rehabilitation, re garmenttlement, social case work an d individualism, social work and reintegration approach to social problems. The prevailing problem of crime was understood as problem of families and individuals, and families in the need of help and support of communities that were disadvantaged and disorganized. The contract of intention was not only crime itself but the instant criminal offence being a matter of mostly legal concern, instead the social and personal problems that underlay this criminal behavior. (Best, Birzon,1962). Crime was a trigger for intervention, a presenting symptom, rather than probation officers focal point action. It was the probation service that led bureau carrying ship a progressive program for controlling the crime, through social intervention. It was the avant-garde of effort to humanize and rationalize practices of penal to use expertise, social work techniques, trained clinical judgment, and criminological knowledge to deal with crime. For instance, it was drew support and part of the proje ct of welf be state, with its concerns for solidarity through state inclusiveness, (Blumberg,1979) integration, provision etc. and with distinct rationality, a habit of thought that looked for social problems and solutions to deal with any emerging problem and a style of reasoning. The process of probation has also been a part of power dealing and wider structure of organizations. This part of power relations gave the enormous prestige and authority to professional expertise. With the expansion of personalized social services, and creation of extensive social work, the professional society reached its halcyon old age in 1960s. In the process of creation of extensive social work, network, probation service was featured as s long established and highly practised agency, (Hink, 1961) deriving authority from the court-based functions as well as its credentials of social work. In professionalized context, social problems including family breakdown and resettlement, crime and delinquenc y that undeniable social solutions and trained professionals and social workers. At an accelerating pace over last five years and over last two decades, field of criminal justice and criminal control, has been reconfigured in important ways. Although its relation to process has been, problematic that variety was deeply implicated by probation service. The philosophy and movement underpinning it that followed created a flip towards human containment and deterrence as motivation in sentencing. A justice model emerged in late 1970s and early 1980s, as did the impression of just deserts. (McEachern, Newman,1969)In 1990s deprivation or incapacitation of liberty became the methodology followed by alternatives of alternatives to imprisonment, another correctional philosophy evolved, a combination of all previous philosophies but on that relies greatly on risk control techniques within crime reduction activities.Process of ProbationIn the probation process, if a defendant pleads guil ty, no contest, or is found guilty, the judge may request investigating for pre-sentence probation incision. In the process of compiling the investigation, an interview of defendant is conducted by probation officer, provided reviews the criminal history and personal background information, (Hink, 1961) contacts the victims if institutions ar involved, after this recommendations for sentencing ar made to judge. On the basis of this information, defendant may be sentenced by judge for up to one year. It is the responsibility of probation officer to monitor and tick the compliance with conditions orders by judge. If there is non-compliance with terms and conditions it will probably result in further actions by court. These actions may include imposition of suspend jail time or fines. Juveniles may be sentenced to detention for failing to comply with court orders. (McEachern, Newman,1969).Probation sentence may include following conditions be of court or FinesThe person who i s facing the probation will be answerable for salarys of fees, fines, court be imposed on that unique(predicate) case. Judge can impose $999 as maximal fine, depending on the basis of fibre of offense. (Best, Birzon,1962) The probationers turn in the option of performing community service in military position of payment of fine, fees and costs.Detention / JailJudge has authority to order to probationer to reply a jail sentence, depending on the type of offence. Moreover probationers who failed to comply with terms or found in violation of probation terms and conditions of their sentence may found in contempt of court and sentenced to jail or detention. theme detentionIn case of violation of probation, violating probationer may nervus home detention. He will wear electronic ankle gewgaw that monitors and ensured the probationers whereabouts. Probation officer will be notified immediately if probationer moves outside the hold of his home, in this case, probationer is subj ect to further court action.Community swear outFor young and adult, probationers to comply with mandatory service hours of community and they must also have option to perform community services in lieu of payment of their fines, fees, and costs related to probation. This community service must be performed at charitable and non-profit agencies. All young probationers under age of 17, are required to perform related community service hours through department f probation that are supervising the community service program. Probationers with age of 18 years old, have option to select community service agency on their own. A list of city department and non-profit agencies that utilizes the community service work program is available online.Life Choices Educational ClassesProbationers are required to attend court mandated classes, who are under the age of 25, presented by passage Beat program and designed to help the adults and young people to set goals and gain success. These mandated classes encourage the probationers to examine decision-making process that led them to have coercive life skills. Mandated classes are also offered in Spanish.CounselingProbationers may be required to comply with court coherent treatment and counseling who are assessed to be experiencing substance abuse or mental health issues. run of counseling are also available through county agencies or privately. braggart(a) probationers who present substance abuse issues. These issues of substance abuse can be referred to weekly substance education group, with which department currently contracts.RestitutionIn case of victims except traffic violations, probationer may be ordered by court to compensate the victims for out of pocket losses. A fundamental of $8,805 was collected in the form of restitution in 2011.Breathalyzer Tests and medicine UrinalysisProbationers with substance abuse may be required to kick downstairs random alcohol breathalyzer tests and drug urinalysis test. This test ing procedure is administered by several local vendors in Longmont.Probation OfficersRole of supervision is to make do defendants while remaining in the community. Standard size of caseload may vary from 45 to 300 individuals according to locale. Caseload sizes are increasing depending on fiscal considerations, as departments leave some probation officer position vacant. Some specific caseload sizes are legislated but cannot surpass those limits.Supervised ProbationSupervised probation is also cognise as formal probation. Supervised probation is granted to an offender who must communicate in a person to his or her probation officer. Formal probation is used in case of more serious offenses. Under the jurisdiction of probation department, all adults fixed on formal probation. (Stalans, Yarnold, Seng, Olson, Repp, 2004) Probationers under supervised probation are required to wear out in with an officer, strict conditions of probation and subject to home visit. Supervised probatio n is also searchable type of probation.Non-supervised probationNon-supervised probation also known as outline probation, court probation or called summary court probation. Both federal and state government place formal probation on individuals, to determine if a defendant will be located on formal or informal probation, Sentencing guidelines may apply to some extent, the judge has some sentencing leeway. Offenders will receive informal probation on acts such(prenominal) as violation of traffic rules or certain misdemeanors. Traditionally, informal probation does not include searchable probation the person having the condition of searchable probation may have their home, person and car searched by law enforcement. . (Best, Birzon,1962) People on non-supervised probation, do not assume with a probation officer and also they are not monitored. Probationers under informal probation are asked to report to judge periodically. Informal probation has terms such as attending any drug or alcohol treatment program, or to complete community service requirements. This type of probation is of short duration may be of one month. After the probation is over, it means that offender has fulfilled the terms of sentence.The differences between felony and misdemeanor probationThe difference always does not clear between felony and misdemeanor probation from state to state in disparate countries and U.S as well. If we entreat to define the misdemeanor probation, it can be defined as maximum length of time a person can be lag for the committed crime, this period usually no more than one year, whereas in case of felony, minimum time of imprisonment is one year. So it can be said that any crime that is not felony, is a misdemeanor by nature. (Stalans, Yarnold, Seng, Olson, Repp, 2004) In case, if property is stolen or purposeful damage has been make to property, charge of misdemeanor or felony will be discrete on the basis on the basis of dollar amount of damage or missing pr operty. For instance, if any person incurs purposeful damage in Arizona, that costs under $250 dollars or charged with misdemeanor. If however, the damage is between $250 $2000 USD, the charge is mostly aclass 6 felony. Higher amounts of damage may up the class of the felony and result in more time in a penitentiary.Leading theories governing the probationary processFrom the past three decades, the jumper lead for effective application of parole and probation process have received kindly mention in practitioner circles. By zero tolerance for behaviors that are better characterized as nuisances than as precursors of criminal acts and desire to appear concentrated on crime via harsh punishment, implementation of probation and parole has been fragmented or nonexistent and also subject to political sentiments. Some practitioners and policy makers trade increased violations as a public safety enhancement flush though there is no evidence to support this belief.The role of probatio n officer is very critical in effective process of probation he is the one who makes sure the successful implementation of policies, procedures and laws about probation. There are different categories of probation officers and have different duties according to their roles, but some general duties are commonly shared by all categories. From start till the end of process of probation, probation officer remains critical in the process. He must conclude the probation case while including all the key information and exposit of probation process, causes and implications on that case by law and their implementation in an effective way.ConclusionProbation process is an effective element to reduce criminal activities in a society. Probation process aimed at not only punishing the offenders but it also delivers policies that are concerned about correction of society and individuals who are causing disturbance in the society. There are also different categories of penalties and imprisonment (Whitehead,1987) depending on the age of the offender, and this so good, as imprisonments have been decided about while keeping in view it psychological bushel on the offender. Probation process is necessary for affective implementation of laws and policies about function and safe functioning of societal process.