Moral Judgements :: essays research papers

Moral Judgements Jakob Bronowski’s book, â€Å"Science and Human Values† argues that the scientific method of inquiry into reality provides a generally applicable foundation for moral judgement. Bronowski says, â€Å"in order to keep the study in a manageable field. I will continue to choose a society in which the principle of truth rules. Therefore the society which I will examine is that formed by scientists themselves: it is the body of scientists† (Bronowski 58). Bronowski makes it clear in his book that he is going to base his study on scientists. There are five steps in the scientific method of inquiry into reality. The first one being Observation, the second is Hypothesis, the third is Experiments, the fourth is Theory, and the fifth being Publishing. In the book’s second chapter, â€Å"The Habit of Truth†, Bronowski explains how people observe or recognize things. â€Å"The scientist or artist takes two facts or experiences which are separate; he finds in them a likeness which had not been seen before; and he creates a unity by showing the likeness† (Bronowski 27). The method of observation requires the scientist to find the similarity in both objects and make a generalization out of it. The example Bronowski uses of, is a coin. A person first sees the head of the penny and then the tail, and he then concludes that both parts are from the same coin. Bronowski says, â€Å"†¦we know the thing only by mapping and joining our experiences of its aspects† (Bronowski 31). The second step will be making a hypothesis or an educated guess of what is going to happen. The example Bronowski uses is of this little girl who knew a doctor who wore a hearing aid, thus every time she met a person with a hearing aid, she automatically assumed that the person is a doctor. The generalization that the little girl made was of course mistaken (Bronowski 37). The third step is the test to see if the hypothesis is correct. Bronowski says, â€Å"the place of experience is to test and correct the concept. The test is, â€Å"Will the concept work? Does it give an unforced unity to the experience of men? Does the concept make life orderly, not by edict but in fact?†Ã¢â‚¬  (Bronowski 41). This test makes sure that the results will turn out similar every time according to the conditions of the experiment. The forth step is to compose a theory.

Armenian Genocide

Armenian Genocide Power is a five letter word that continues to exist since the time of creation up until now. It has stirred human emotions from exultations to greed. To be above and be of great power over something or someone is a part of human nature. Power has seen the acquisition of great wealth, the growth of empires, the birth of nations and heroes. But the search for power has also been the biggest downfall of men. A great example is the Mass Murder of the Ottoman Empire, also known as the Armenian Genocide. It commenced during and Just after World War 1 and it is one of the most rutal and excruciating mass murders in history.To this day, Turks still continue to deny that this event ever occurred, but the destruction of the Armenians exhibits and illustrates various examples of the word â€Å"genocide†: The deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group (Wikipedia) The massacre in the Ottoman Empire during 1914-1918 is considered Genocide because the Turks displayed great examples of Denial, Classification and Extermination, which are three of the eight stages of genocide. The Armenian genocide could have been prevented with the help of all the allied countries and German officials.A political group made up of young Turks, the committee of union and progress [CUP], made a secret document which they called â€Å"The Ten Commandments†. The Ten Commandments are basically blue prints for the planned mass murder of the Armenians (notes). Explaining the contents of this document a cover note was written by British officials and it said, â€Å"My informant declares that messengers were sent to the different [governors] in the provinces with instructions o read these orders to them and then return the originals which were to be destroyed† (Crimes Against Humanity 73).The secrecy from the beginning is already an attempt to sow the seed of denial. For further proof that these doc uments were classified, the tenth commandment of the committee of union and progress stated, â€Å"Pay attention to the strictly confidential nature of these instructions, which may not go beyond two or three persons† (Crimes Against Humanity 74). Perpetrators found a way to use language to make it sound acceptable to slaughter Armenians and blame hem for their own sufferings (notes). The play of words can not Justify that those who suffered are the ones at fault.The Turkish government sent billions of dollars supporting congress (notes). ln the beginning of the Armenian Genocide film; the narrator said â€Å"Until this day, Turks still deny that the Armenian Genocide ever happened† (â€Å"Armenian Genocide film†). One saying goes â€Å"where there is smoke, there is fire†. The stench of death is too great to deny. How can one explain the disappearance of a generation, a community, a family? The Turks segregated the Armenians for their suffering and from other countries and also put them into prison.According to the reading, â€Å"At the end of July 191 5, the government began to deport the Armenians of Anatolia and Cilicia, transferring the population from regions which were far distant from the front and where the presence of Armenians could not be regarded as a threat to the Turkish army† (Crimes Against Humanity 85) Armenians were being classified; this is a great example of power at play. Separation was deemed necessary to gather the weak so hat they can easily be crushed by the strong.Turks first targeted to execute the â€Å"Intelligentsia†, the formally educated people which consisted of writers, politicians, poets, doctors, lawyers and etc. (Crimes Against Humanity 84). To get rid of the strong, reliable men, all of them that were 18 and older were shot (note). The Intelligentsia group and men were the first ones killed because they had knowledge and authority; enough knowledge to start revolt and rebellion. A systematic plan was necessary to make sure that the Armenians had no way of getting back their dignity nd their freedom through knowledgeable actions.Women and children were raped and dehumanized (notes). By the end of 1916, more than half of the populations of the Armenians were slaughtered (Crimes Against Humanity 86). This proves that the Armenian genocide happened because genocide means killing of a certain race or tribe. It is proven that some people did try to prevent more genocide against the Armenians. US missionaries, Turkish officials and friends did try to save some Armenians. (Crimes Against Humanity 85). All these actions were simply not enough r were too late for millions of lives were still lost.If only the world was vigilant to the beginning signs of oppression, there will be no such word as â€Å"genocide†. To quote the German Ambassador, Henry Morgenthau â€Å"l shall do nothing whatever for the Armenians† (Crimes Against Humanity 121). Wanting to ma ke a difference Wolff- Matternich tried to do something, but he got shut down and said, â€Å"In order to achieve any success in the Armenian question, we will have to inspire fear in the Turkish government regarding the consequences† (Crimes Against Humanity 121).The differences in opinions overseas did not help in the prevention of the annihilation of the Armenians. While they are debating as to what actions and side to take, the sufferings of the Armenians confounded. One decisive move in the name of what is right and what is Just could have prevented everything. The big question to ask is: WHY? As the Turks continue to deny, the answer to this question will continue to evade history. In conclusion, people should consider everything that the poor Armenians have gone through as genocide.Think about the istory of a whole family, lost. The future of children one will never get to see and a whole country forever mourning for a generation buried in silence. Even if it happened over one hundred years ago, and Justifications after Justifications were made, the terminology â€Å"genocide† is Just but a word to give meaning to a terrifying event. But in simple terms, it is a mass murder of dumbfounding proportions. Many countries and powerful people could have helped and intervened, but they did not.Human actions matter because the burden of guilt is not carried only by the erpetrator, but also of a silent witness to a horrible crime. We are all a product of our past. If one does not acknowledge their past, and learn from its lessons, then the future will be one bleak horizon of uncertainty. An event such as the Armenian genocide should not remain as Just a story to tell from generation to generation. The whole purpose of retelling their story is to touch the core of human sensitivity over and over. To remind each and everyone to value one human life as a million human lives lost for nothing.

Athletic Budgets And Academic Performance Revisited

The article herein actually discusses the need for an athletics department in several educational institutions today to be able to handle the physical development needs of the students within the population. Aside from discussing the importance of the said department, it also aims to show the pros and the cons of implying the said culture in the school institutions with regards the existence of athletes and non-athletes. Undeniably, the study tries to make certain amendments on how the situation could be effectively dealt with. Certainly, the researchers aim to fix the situation through surveying the population involved in the situation thus seeing how well they could deal with the challenges of the matter. Central Theme of the Study When one considers the prospects of improved health, character development, and increased popularity, joining an organized sports team may still seem like the smart thing to do. The journal too points out that more kids are signing up for organized sports today than did any previous generation. The bad news though is that they are dropping out of these sports programs in record numbers. Usually, by the time they’re fifteen, seventy-five percent of kids who have ever played a sport have dropped out of it. Researchers say that such dropouts usually give a surprisingly simple reason for their departure: The games are no longer fun. Indeed, playing on a team can be an exhausting and time-consuming project. Seventeen magazine told its readers that simply trying out for a team may involve working â€Å"three hours a day, five days a week . . . for about one or two weeks. † If you survive that gauntlet and make the team, many more hours of workouts and practice drills are in your future. Typical is the member of a girl’s basketball team who spends over three hours a day training for her game. That time could be spent in doing something more worthwhile. Of course, many youths do not mind the grueling routine. They enjoy the fun and the challenge of perfecting their athletic skills. But there are other reasons why a large number of youths drop out of organized athletics. You need to be aware of them in order to decide whether to join a team or not. Reasons Behind the Study’s Progress Athletics are not for everyone—at least, not everyone should participate without medical supervision. Who especially need supervision? â€Å"Athletic recreation is a questionable option for the pathological hurrier, the type of person who rushes to work, rushes through lunch, and rushes home during the rush hour to rush through chores before rushing to bed. That type of person is very liable to use exercise as just another avenue of rushing to the grave. The study further points out the need of balancing the support for athletics and non-athletics within the student population thus also balancing the activity of the school as centered both on academics and athletic values as implied to the students. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Study The theme of the study had been strongly implied within the discussions. It could not be denied that the researchers actually made it certain that the issue be handled in a more specific manner that involves the examination of the situation through survey approaches. This method of the study actually makes it more applicable in actual situations that most institutions are undergoing right now. Overall Reaction to the Study Overall, the study was able to address all the necessary points of consideration that needs to be dealt with in connection with the said matter. Utilizing survey approach was indeed useful, such process of gaining information for better further applications increase the capability of the study to become highly important to the population of the society that it intends to serve. Understandably, as a scholarly article, the researchers were able to find the necessary points that needs consideration thus giving out a better result for the audience to understand the situation in a much lighter and clearer sense.

Different Types of Resistors

Different Types of Resistors Electrical engineering involves the study and development of different electrical technologies, which are used for different purposes. One device that is very common in engineering and in electrical engineering is a resistor. A resistor is nothing but a special electrical component that helps in the induction of electrical resistance in a given electrical circuit. The resistors can be made up of different elements and different materials and it depends on the applied voltage and the applied current.No electric circuit can be complete without the use of resistors in them. The specifications of the resistors however depend on the conduction of the current. We would talk about some of the commonly used resistors. Carbon composition resistors are among the most commonly used resistors, which usually consist of a special cylindrical resistive element. The resistive element is usually made up of wire leads or metal end caps that help in providing resistance to the flow of current.These resistors are used only in expensive equipments and circuits because these are quite costly as compared to other resistors. When the carbon disks are stacked on top of one another in the resistor system, it is known as carbon pile system. Other than carbon pile system, another carbon resistor that is used is carbon film resistor, wherein carbon films of different shapes and sizes are used depending on the type of resistor and the circuit it is being used in.Thick and thin film resistors are also special types of resistors used commonly. As the name suggests, thick and thin film resistors have different widths and thicknesses and depending on their thicknesses they are given the respective titles. The thin film resistors usually exhibit higher tolerance and better performance as compared to the thick film ones and that is why they are even costlier. Metal film resistors can also be used after being coated with nickel chromium.These resistors are shown to dem onstrate extremely high noise characteristics and also non-linearity. Resistors can also be wirewound where metal wires are wounded over the resistor system. The wounding of the wires provides a hindrance to the flow of current, thus leading to resistance. Grid resistor is a special form of resistor which demonstrates the connection of a large convection-cooled lattice of stamped metal alloy strips in different rows between the given electrodes.Most of these resistors are fixed resistors providing a fixed amount of resistance. But due to the changing needs, engineers have also developed special variables resistors wherein the resistance can be varied depending on the applied current and voltage. The resistance is always directly proportional to the overall voltage and inversely proportional to the applied current. Thus, all of these resistors are equally effective and advantageous. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-helpThe Cardiovascular System

Kenneth Burke’s Dramatism Essay

Life is drama; playing roles in relation to other people. Interest in the interaction of language and action. Symbolic Interactionist—Language is symbolic action. â€Å"Verbal symbols are meaningful acts from which motives can be derived (Griffin, p. 329).† â€Å"Human beings†¦are a symbol-creating, symbol-using, and symbol misusing animal (Littlejohn, 1978, p. 69).† A theory of Motives—why do people act (particularly rhetorically) the way they do? Assess motives. Texts/Speeches created by people to â€Å"DO SOMETHING.† Can be analyzed to determine what it is they are trying to do. Distinguishes human â€Å"Action† from Animal â€Å"Motion† Action Motion Done on purpose;Behaviors that are non- voluntary behavior purposeful/non-meaningful e.g. DramatismïÆ' ª ïÆ' ªAll animals and objects Peoplehave motion ïÆ' ªÃ¯Æ' ª Forms of ThoughtThe study of motion is ïÆ' ªmechanism Understood through motives ïÆ' ª Pentad (tool for understanding motives) Motive: Linguistic Product of Rhetorical Action Created a Grammar of Motives (â€Å"grammar† meaning rules, principles, elements, structure and/or book) Motives are viewed by Burke in terms of internal sources of action; but rather in terms of how language and terms are used to make actions understandable. Guilt as Motive: guilt is an â€Å"all-purpose word for any feeling of tension within a person—anxiety, embarrassment, self-hatred, disgust, etc. (Littlejohn, 1978, p. 70).† We communicate to purge ourselves of guilt. Guilt arises out of language. Three sources of guilt: 1. The Negative: Language allows for rules, morals, etc. that surround us and we can’t escape violating. 2. The Principle of Perfection: Language allows us to â€Å"imagine† the ideal (should). 3. The Principle of Heirarchy: Structure society with competing class and group distinctions We seek redemption (reduce or eliminate guilt) through communication/rhetoric/dramatism 1. Mortification: self-blame 2. Victimage: external enemy is the source 3. Scapegoating: blame other(s) Substance: general nature of a thing Consubstantiation: (shared substance, commonality) Identification: (same as consub) degrees of; conscious or unconscious; 1) material identification—goods, possessions, things 2) idealistic identification—values, ideas, feelings, attitudes 3) formal identification—form or arrangement of act/conventions; roles, customs, etc. Division—differences with others (source of guilt) PENTAD Tool for understanding motives Act SceneAgent Agency Purpose (Hexad: Attitude: delayed or incipient action) Statement of motives will answer: What was done (act), when or where it was done (scene), who did it (agent), how it was done (agency), and why it was done (purpose).

Malincho Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Malincho - Essay Example Kalin has no capital to start a business but still has the willingness to make it in the commercial world. In Kalin’s case he creates the business from scratch. Opportunity recognition is the next step in the entrepreneur process. Kalin is seen as a person who recognized opportunities that can be used to generate profits. His research shows him that importing fate cheese from his home to sell to his country men would be a great idea. Resources are key factors in entrepreneurship Kalin seeks resources in the most convenient way so as to avoid interests. As seen he tries out a wine guy to see if e could get the resources he need. However, the deal with the wine guy did not succeed. Thereafter he gets the resources from his friends; this is convenient as no extra charges were to be incurred in the repayments. Eventually Kalin is successful in his business idea as he uses Timmons entrepreneur framework model process (Collins, 1998). The business model available for food import business involves; sourcing, primary processing, logistics, risk management and trading and marketing. Sourcing involves building a relationship with stakeholders and farmers and using a network of local Agent agronomists, buyers and other specialist. Primary processing which involves packaging of the product is the next step after sourcing. In this model primary sourcing is followed by logistics. Logistics depends on the products and its urgency therefore, air, inland or marine logistics are used. Risk management department are formed to deal with capturing, assessing and managing risk in all levels of business chain. Last in the business model is trading and marketing this deals with the market. In order for Kalin to position his business for the next phase of early stage growth he should assess his company efficiency, review his financial position, form a business model for the company, conduct a competitor, customer and

The internment of Japanese-, German- and Italian-Americans during Research Paper

The internment of Japanese-, German- and Italian-Americans during World War II - Research Paper Example This internment was authorized by President Roosevelt on February 19, 1942 under the Executive Order 9066. The wartime incarceration of the Japanese Americans was the biggest mistake made by the Americans which they can only regret by erecting memorial such as that in the national Capitol which reminds them of the 120,000 Japanese American kept in the concentration camp and 26,000 who served in the US army during World War II or by doing extensive and exhaustive research so as to prove their guilt for the action1. The World War II brought with it a series of actions and events which affected Japanese Americans in many ways. The attack on Pearl Harbor along with the overpowering Japanese offensive through the Pacific as well as the Southeast Asia was a stun to the American military leaders as well as the civilian leaders. The US Navy had long realized that the Japan was the most expected enemy since its defeat of the Czarist Russia in 1905. As a result the American intelligence agenci es had made a pre-war plan to ensure the interning of certain enemy â€Å"aliens†.2 Daniels clearly states that the internment of the Japanese American was merely a â€Å"lawless exercise of power by the executive branch† although both the Congress and the Supreme Court gave an absolution for the action. He also draws a distinction between internment and incarceration; since the notion that the Japanese American citizens were treated like members of the Holocaust in â€Å"concentration camps† was considered an abuse to them it was referred by the Americans as â€Å"Assembly Centers† or â€Å"Relocation Centers†. This shows how the treatment of the Japanese Americans was packed with euphemisms.3 It is also been observed by researchers such as Schidkraut that the impact of the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001 has revived the American national consciousness with regard to the aftermath of the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. This compels one to deeply investigate into the role of American identity in response to the terrorist attacks which have taken place so far. US population underwent an ethnic makeup in real and dramatic scenarios which occurred quite rapidly during World Wars. This led to a change in sentiments of the natives during the mid 1990s. The role of media during the World War II was severe and extremely brutal in terms of American national consciousness. This was evident by the following piece of information recollected by Schidkraut, â€Å"During WWII, media commentators said we need not worry that bombing cities in Japan might kill innocent civilians because there was no such thing as an innocent Japanese civilian.†4 Studying from the perspective of the Japanese-American and what they went through when they learnt of this incarceration, several researches reveal how hard it was for the Japanese Americans to pack their bags and leave the comfort of their homes to a seclusion which had no prescribed limit. At first they were taken to the Assembly Centers from where they were to be moved to the relocation centers. For others it was known as either the internment or to be kept in the concentration camps. This was the beginning of the loss of freedom for the Japanese Americans. The Americans started to marginalize any outsider or immigrant from any other country including Japan. They called such people aliens. Those aliens who entered the US legally were eligible to apply for citizenship later