Bangladesh Liberation War: Conflict Analysis

Bangladesh Liberation War Conflict AnalysisConflict Analysis encase Study Bangladesh Liberation WarBackground and Internal Factors wolfram Pakistan had four provinces Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier. Province build 5 was tocopherol Pakistan, and it was the tremendousst province out of every(prenominal). West Pakistan had control over all the provinces, and used up most of the resources. Between 1948 and 1960, East Pakistan made 70% of all of Pakistans exports, while it only received 25% of imported money. In 1948, East Pakistan had 11 fabric mills while the West had nine. In 1971, the takings of fabric mills in the West grew to 150 while the government issue in the East went rectify to 26. About 2.6 billion dollars of resources were besides shifted over time from East Pakistan to West Pakistan. Although East Pakistan had the largest population among all the provinces, it had much less policy-making power than West Pakistan. Although the economy was a n issue, there was also the issue of dustup that caused East Pakistan and West Pakistan to capture dispute for several years. (bdallinone)In 1948, Mohammad Ali Jinnah announced that Urdu was the official lecture for Pakistan. However, this was not fair because only the people in the West and the Biharis in the East spoke Urdu. mass of the West Pakistanis spoke Punjabi and Sindhi, while East Pakistanis spoke Bangali. Therefore, East Pakistan was against the movement of Urdu being the official language for Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the leader of the Awami League (top political party in condescend of East Pakistan), wanted more than economic and political power, all of these political changes conclusioned in the contend of independence. The war involved both sepa reckon of Pakistan East Pakistan VS West Pakistan in a war for liberation and freedom from West Pakistan. The war lasted throughout March 26th celestial latitude 16th 1971. The Pakistan Army began a genocide called Operation Searchlight by attack the innocent Bangaladeshis of Dhaka city (Dhaka is the capital city of the province Bengal). The Pakistani legions massacred 40,000 Bengali people, whether they be poets, teachers, pol churl officers, etc and ignited a deplorable war against the Bengalis of East Pakistan to stop them from being independent. They also occupyd homes and held families on gun point, burned down schools, destroyed sacred architecture and purposely ruined 80% of agriculture lands, which caused Bangladesh to be in a famine. They killed sons and daughters and raped women and the West Pakistani army got away with every these crimes, and nothing was accounted for until at least 30 years ago, when activists convinced the police department to open up old cases. East Pakistan didnt have an army since it was not yet officially a country, so they were just a group of freedom fighters. Eventually, India joined in to support East Pakistans granting immunity Fighters, and therefore they formed the Mukhti Bahini, which translates to The Liberation Army. They used the guerrilla method and just basic armed forces, which they got from the support of the Indian Army, and through a lot of gruesome war, they eventually fought until they gained their liberation, and Bangladesh was declargond an independent nation. The West Pakistani government was not pass oning to introduce peace with the East Pakistani government due to political differences such as political power due to economic, language and racial issues, since West Pakistan was considered one large province, the politicians that were on the West Side did not allow East Side of Pakistan to develop their own abiding government since the East Side always got outweighed.External FactorsThroughout the war, there was involvement from several otherwise countries such as India. India played an active role. Indira Gandhi (Prime minister of India) wanted to protect Bangladesh. Since India had a lot of apol ogy (bombs, nuclear weapons, great military), they mounted a triple-pronged movement on Dhaka from the Indian province West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. The Indian soldiers, Air Force, and Navy defeated the Pakistani army, while the Bangladeshi Navy helped India. On the ground, three groups of Mukti Bahini and Indian forces fought the Pakistanis. The Pakistanis attempted to fight back and they did not give up, precisely failed to resist them and ended up surrendering (Murtala Sadeh) This surrender was the largest surrender from an army since World War 2. This was not a proxy war because the East Pakistan and West Pakistan communicated directly with each other, and did not use any other source to have the war fought for them they fought on each others land.International Response join NationsPakistans plan to invade and bomb Indias land got the United Nations involved, and they stepped in and tried to force India to agree to a cease-fire. The UN credentials Council came together on December 4 1981 to talk about the situation and find any assertable way of making peace. After much convincing and long discussions, on 7 December, the United States came up with the idea for an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal of troops. Stalinist Russia jilted the resolution twice. In light of the Pakistani atrocities, Britain and France inhibit and kept their distance from the situation. The Indian army quickly overran the country. Pakistani forces were unable to effectively fight the brutal attacks, since they had been deployed in small units around the border to counter guerrilla attacks by the Muhkti Bahini. Unable to defend Dhaka, the Pakistanis surrendered on 16 December 1971, the largest surrender since the Second World War. Bangladesh gained admission to the UN with most voting in its favour, but china rejected this as Pakistan was its key ally, as was the United States, which was one of the last nations to accord Bangladesh recognition.United States of the StatesThe US administration feargond that an Indian invasion of West Pakistan would mean the domination of the region by Stalinist Russia. That, in turn, would seriously undermine the global position of the US and the regional position of Americas new tacit ally, chinaware. In order to demonst localise to China the reliability of the US as an ally, and in direct violation of the US Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon send military supplies to Pakistan, shipping them through Jordan and Iran. China was encouraged to increase arms supplies to Pakistan. (Wikipedia)The Nixon government completely uncared for the reports it received of the genocidal and brutal activities that the Pakistani Army was get involved in (to dominant the Bengalis), including all the deaths of innocent Bangalis and all of the rapes. However, Russia back up the Indian army and Mukti Bahini during the war because they knew that the independence of Bangladesh would make their rivals weaker. It also assured India that if the US or China tried attack India, Russia would have their back. Therefore, the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty was signed in August 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War.When Pakistans defeat was obvious, Nixon sent the aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, to the Bay of Bengal, a move which ratcheted up nuclear tensions in the region. USS Enterprise arrived on station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the Russian navy sent out two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from Vladivostok. They trailed the US task force in the Indian Ocean from 18 December until 7 January 1972. At the end of the war, the Warsaw Pact countries of Central and Eastern Europe were the first to appreciate Bangladesh as an independent country. (Wikepedia) Stalinist Russia gave realisation to Bangladesh on 25 January 1972. The United States also eventually gave them credit in April. On 2 July 1972, the Simla Accord was signed between India and Pakistan, which stated the goal to no rmalise transaction between India and Pakistan, including the return of Pakistani prisoners of war. Pakistan officially recognised Bangladesh in 1974. (Wikipedia)ChinaSince China is an ally of Pakistan, the Peoples majority rule of China reacted with productively towards situation in East Pakistan and the prospect of India invading West Pakistan. They know that an Indian attack was about to happen, so Richard Nixon (President of U.S.A) encouraged China to gather together its armed forces along Indias border. The Indian Army was prepared and had deployed eight mountain divisions to the Sino-Indian border to guard against such an eventuality.China instead threw its weightiness behind demands for an immediate ceasefire. (Wikipedia) When Bangladesh wanted a place to get involved in the United Nations in 1972, China rejected their application because of two United Nations resolutions regarding the repatriation of Pakistani prisoners of war and civilians had not yet been implemented. ( Wikipedia) China was one of the last countries to recognise the liberation of Bangladesh and denied to until 31 August 1975.Effect of Temperature on Plant Physiology examineEffect of Temperature on Plant Physiology ExperimentAbstractThe physiological processes of numerous organisms are sensitive to temperature. In order to see this effect of temperature, we examined the mall pass judgment of a cyclops magna over a chain of mountains of different temperatures. Being an ectothermic animal, the Daphnias remains temperature is dependent on wet temperature. It was hypothesized that since most physiological processes are faster at richlyschooler(prenominal)(prenominal) temperatures, the Daphnias warm boobedness rate will be faster at higher(prenominal) temperatures and slower at low temperatures. This was, in fact, true and a pattern was evident which showed that heart rate increase as temperature change magnitude. The Q10 was high at higher temperatures which show elevated sensitivity at higher temperatures. Clearly, Daphnia have an optimal temperature range outside which they do not function to their full potential. A Daphnias heart rate, and then, was proved to be dependent on temperature.IntroductionDaphnia magna is a widespread fresh piss zooplankton. Since Daphnia are ectothermic animals, their body temperature fluctuates with environmental temperature. Hence, these animals are ideal to study the effects of temperature. approximately such animals function vigorous at certain(a) specific temperatures. They have an optimal temperature range, outside which they are unable to perform physiological processes effectively (Lamkemeyer et al. 2003). It is believed that most physiological processes take place more quickly at higher temperatures and that changes in temperature can influence physiological rates (Ziarek et al. 2010). In order to suss out this, we questioned whether the heart rate of a Daphnia is different at different temperatures. Q1 0, which is the temperature sensitivity of a reaction, was a useful tool. We hypothesized that the Daphnia will have different heart rates at different temperatures and so that temperature will affect heart rate. It was also hypothesized that Q10 will differ at different temperatures. This hypothesis was time-tested by exposing the Daphnia to different irrigate temperatures, letting it equilibrate to the water temperature and counting its heart check in a systematic way. Since most physiological processes increase at higher temperatures, we predicted that if the temperature is higher (close to 35C) then the heart rate of the Daphnia will be faster and if the temperature is low (close to 5C) then it would be slower. In addition, we predicted that Q10 will be higher at low temperatures and lower at high temperatures. In view of the fact that Daphnia had an optimal temperature range, it would be understandable if the Daphnia was more sensitive to temperatures outside this range and consequently reacted by altering its heart rate.MethodsA Daphnia was placed on a small smear of Vaseline on the bottom of a culture dish (Olaveson and Rush 2011). elderly water at room temperature was added to the dish. Five minutes were allowed for the Daphnia to adjust to the water temperature and the temperature of the water was careful and recorded. Under a dissecting micro grasp, the Daphnia was placed and the 4X lens were used to locate the heart and count the heartbeats. The number of beats was counted over a 10 number period which was followed by a 10 second pause in counting and then 10 seconds of counting again. In order to get 9 measurements of the heart rate, this pattern was repeated for 3 minutes. Then, ice and water were mixed in a beaker to make a water mixture between 5C to 10C. To replace the tap water in the culture dish with chilled water, a Pasteur pipette was used. Five minutes were allowed for the Daphnia to reach rest and then the heart beat was counted to obtain 9 measures of heart rate (heartbeats/ 10 seconds). The value were recorded. The temperature was then increased in 5C increments till 35C and heart rate was deliberate at each point. Small amounts of the colder water were replaced with the warmer water (obtained from a water bath) till the coveted temperature had been reached. Five minutes were always allowed for equilibration and using the same method, 9 measures of heart rate were recorded. The 9 estimates of heart rate taken at each temperature were used to find the average heart rate at each temperature. These values were entered into an excel document by all students and later used for abbreviation.Resultsstatistical epitome and data processing shed light upon the effect of temperature on the heart rate of a Daphnia. The Statistical t test analysis proved that the Ho could be rejected for all the three tests proving that temperature does have a significant effect on the heart rate of a Daphnia. The Q10 as well as t he average heart rates at different temperatures provided evidence that supported the hypothesis that temperature would affect Daphnia heart rate too.At the temperature interval of 4C to 14C, the Q10 was found to be 1.31 (Table 1). Although this was not the highest Q10 value and hence not the most sensitive temperature interval, a decrease in heart rate was evident at the lower temperature of 4C compared to other higher temperatures (figure 1). The heart rate at 4C was found to be 106.74 beats per minute where as the heart rate at 14C was 140.10 beats per minute. The significant decrease in heart rate at 4C compared to heart rate at the ambient temperature (24C) was supported by the t test analysis (sample t statistic 14.3938 critical t statistic1.978 df136 p = 0.05). The temperature interval from 14C to 24C showed increased sensitivity (Q101.40). This indicated the increase in heart rate at 24C compared to lower temperatures (figure 1) and was supported by the t test analysis as th e Ho (hypothesis that no change in heart rate would be evident) was rejected (t statistic 8.6519 critical t statistic1.978 df136 p = 0.05). During the temperature interval from 24C to 34C, the highest Q10 was noted (table 1).This sensitivity to high temperatures was obvious when heart rates at the two temperatures were compared (heart rate at 24C 196.32 beats/min at 34C 277.92 beats/ min). The H0 was hence rejected (t statistic 9.7792 critical t statistic 1.978 df 136 p = 0.05).All the three tests provided evidence that suggested that temperature had an effect on the Daphnias heart rate. At higher temperatures, the heart rate was faster and at lower temperatures, it was slower. Generally, as temperature increased so did the Daphnias heart rate (figure 1).DiscussionAll organisms have an optimum temperature range over which they function best. Consequently, at certain temperatures, the physiological processes of a Daphnia magna are at its utmost potential. Some hypothesized that Daphn ia optimize their physical fitness by allocating the time spent in the different habitats depending on the temperature gradient (Kessler Lampert, 2004). Hence, evidently temperature has an effect on the performance of a Daphnia. Specifically, as hypothesized, temperature affected the heart rate of Daphnia. It was noticed that the Daphnias heart rate increased at higher temperatures (close to 34C) and decreased at lower temperatures (close to 5C). Since Daphnia are ectothermic, their body temperature varies with environmental temperature. Since Daphnia cannot thermoregulate, their body temperature experiences variance following uctuations in the environment (Ziarek et al. 2010). Hence as the temperature of the water increased, so did the Daphnias heart rate. The data supported this prediction. This is simply because most physiological processes take place more rapidly at higher temperatures. In addition, research has shown that increases of heart rate by significant values were mea sured in D. Magna as a function of temperature (Paul et al. 2004). One reason why the heart rate of Daphnia increases with temperature would be because less atomic number 8 is present in the warmer water. Consequently, lack of oxygen could result in insufficient amount of oxygenated smear and hence the heart would have to work harder to pump blood around the body. For this purpose, it makes sense that the heart rate would increase. Very little research has been done about oxygen levels at different temperatures and Daphnia heart rates and perhaps more such research will provide more clarity on this topic. The little research that has been done, though, suggests that a reduced aerobic scope allows only time-limited survival at temperatures outside the optimal range (Lamkemeyer et al. 2003) in organism such as Daphnias. Other research has also shown that high temperatures increase a Daphnias metabolic rates by change magnitude their heartbeat rates (MacArthur Baittie, 1929), and c onsequently their oxygen demands (Ziarek et al. 2010).It is also important to note that although it was predicted that Q10 would be higher at low temperatures and lower at high temperatures, the data did not support this prediction. The opposite, in fact, was evident. At higher temperatures the Q10 was higher and at lower temperatures it was lower. This could be possible merely because the Daphnia was more sensitive to changes in temperature at higher temperatures. It could also be possible that Q10 was higher at higher temperatures because of other errors. For instance, when the ice was added to the water in order to obtain low water temperatures (5C), it was difficult to obtain the exact temperatures. Although the temperature obtained (about 8C) was lower than room temperature (or ambient temperature), it is possible that it wasnt low enough to trigger major physiological changes. A significant fact to keep in mind is that since temperatures are increasing due to global warming, w ater temperatures are going to increase as well. This could lead to problems for organisms such as Daphnia which cannot function well outside of their optimal temperature range. It has been suggested that rising temperatures associated with global warming present a challenge to the fate of many aquatic organisms (Doorslaer et al. 2009)In conclusion, Daphnia heart rate is affected by temperature and tends to increase at high temperatures and decrease at low temperatures.